Police Roles and Functions

Police Department Roles and Function CJA/214 Police Department Roles and Function In this paper the principal roles and functions of police organizations and their roles as it applies to the law will be identified. Secondly, the description of various types of police agencies at the local, state, federal level, and the roles and functions of each will be discussed. In addition, the role and function of patrol will be explained. The principal roles and function of police organizationsThe principal role of police organizations can be narrowed down to different services that they provide. Protecting and serving the local community and their civil rights, traffic control, to uphold and enforce the law, and to encourage respecting the law. As we identify the function of the police organization we can say that each organization function helps to prevent crime and keep communities safe. The municipal police deals with serious crimes in big and small cities and asked to provide a wide variet y of emergency services.Description of various types of police agencies at the Local, State and Federal Levels As previously discussed, there are three levels of law enforcement agencies being covered, Local, State and Federal. The Local level is made of three organization Municipal Police, County Police, County Sheriff, County Coroner/Medical Examiner and some states still use Constables today. Let’s briefly review each one. Municipal police play a more complex role than any other law enforcement agency due to serving in our cities. Big and small cities represent the most complex environments when it comes to diversity.With that being said, city police carry the heaviest responsibility for dealing with serious crime, which is not concentrated evenly. They are also responsible for difficult order maintenance problems as well as asked and expected to provide a wide range of emergency services (Walker & Katz 2011). A County Police officer is essentially a municipal police offic er that operates on a county-wide basis but do not have non-law enforcement roles of the county sheriff. There focus is on patrolling and criminal investigations.On the other hand, County Sheriff has a unique role as they serve all three components to the criminal justice system: law enforcement, courts and corrections (Walker & Katz 2011). Under these components they patrol, investigate crimes, process and serve subpoenas, provide security in courtrooms and last but not lease maintain county jails. The County Coroner also called the Medical Examiner falls under the law enforcement because they investigate death scenes, conduct autopsies and determine cause of violent and unexpected deaths (Walker & Katz2011).Constables were still used, are usually found in a County court system where they are responsible for serving warrants and subpoenas, transporting prisoners, and providing security for district judges. They also work with county commissioners to post delinquent tax notices and assist attorneys in serving divorce papers (Walker & Katz 2011). State police and Highway patrol fall under the State Level. They both provide a variety of law enforcement services. In terms of patrol, state police have concurrent or shared responsibility with local police agencies.In about half of the states, the state police or highway patrol agency has the primary responsibility for enforcing traffic laws on the main highways (Walker & Katz2011). State police manage traffic and emergency incidents and minimize exposure of the public to unsafe conditions resulting from emergency incidents and highway impediments. Furthermore state police prevent loss of life, injuries, property damage, and protect public and state assets (CHP 2012). The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is one of several law enforcement organizations under the federal umbrella.The DEA is to enforce the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States and bring to the criminal and civil justice s ystem of the United States (DEA 2012), and primarily dedicated to reducing the supply of illegal drugs to residents in the United States (Walker & Katz 2011). One of the missions and responsibilities of the DEA is the management of national drug intelligence program that aids with federal, state, local, and foreign officials to collect various intelligence drug information (DEA 2012). The role and function of patrol With law enforcement officer the role and function of patrol can take on many descriptions.At times while on patrol an officer can be called upon to be a service provider, a crime fighter or a social worker. Secondly, traffic flow and collision reduction can be one of the many functions that allow an officer to take up different roles while on duty (Heath & Karen, 2012). Conclusion In conclusion local, state and federal law enforcement agencies are the key to protecting our country. From the municipal police officer who is responding to a 911 call or a federal agent maki ng a major illegal drug bust, each duty is very different but essential to enforcing our laws.Without law enforcement agencies in the United States and throughout the world, there’d be no one to â€Å"protect and serve† leading to total chaos. Reference Walker, S. , & Katz, C. M. (2011). The Police in America. An introduction (7th ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix Collection database. CHP (2012) The California Highway Patrol, Retrieved from http://www. chp. ca. gov/html/mission. html Drug Enforcement Administration (2012) About Us, Our Mission Retrieved from http://www. justice. gov/dea/ HG Global Legal Resources (1999-2012) Control Substances Law Retrieved from http://www. hg. org/control. html

Learning A New Language Essay

A countries identity is characterized by many different factors. It may be the culture of the people, the beliefs, the technological advancement or the degree of economic prosperity. It cannot be argued, however, that the single factor which brings all of these characteristics together and allows other people to appreciate and understand a country more is language. All the signs of prosperity are meaningless without language to convey the real meaning. Language is the single factor which allows people to become involved with a country and be able to call it their home. Give this, the relevance of learning a new language lies in the fact that by learning a new language one is able to learn more about other cultures and be accepted by it. It has often been said that one of the most essential parts of encouraging the growth of personal character is social interaction and communication. In order to make this happen, it is important that a person develop language skills because it is one of the primary modes of communication and social interaction. Having to translate everything or not being able to communicate freely is a hindrance to the establishment of working relationships. As such, it is important for people to learn new languages to enable them to reach out to other people, especially if you are a foreigner in their country. In order to develop language skills, it is not important that the person is genuinely interested in the other or what the other has to say since the purpose of communication and listening is indeed to come to a better understanding of another person. The thing that is required in order to develop good listening skills is in being able to know when to simply just â€Å"shut up and listen. † There is a certain timing that is needed in listening because listening may often be confused with boredom or disinterest by certain people. One has to know when to simply just nod one’s head or smile instead of opening one’s mouth to say something. The importance of this is because those who have speech or communication impairments, such as those from a foreign country, actually have a more difficult time reaching out to the world and need all the help and support that they can get. This also allows the person to absorb and understand the nuances of the new language so that the person is able to adapt. This is very important because oftentimes trouble is caused by miscommunication and when one deals with foreign languages it is important to make a person used to the sound of the language and also the way that it is used in speaking. Therefore, the most important thing is to first listen to the person and try to understand what the person is communicating. This is the first process in learning a new language. The second step lies in using the simple words and not being intimidated or afraid to speak. Oftentimes, people are unable to learn a new language because they are afraid of making mistakes. This is a normal thing and people should always remember that practice makes perfect. There is no other way of learning a new language. A person must simply keep writing and speaking in order to get better. Another way this can be improved is by asking a lot of questions. It is hard to imagine a world where nobody actually listened or paid any attention to other people. It would probably be a sad world filled with the endless monologue from the unending conversations of people who have nobody to listen to them. The people of the world would arguably be much sadder too since there would be nobody to listen to their problems or help them vent their frustrations and this is made better by learning a new language because people can talk to each other better. It is also thankfully not hard to become good at this. Just like listening, when learning a new language think, learn and feel first and by doing so listening to what the other has to say. If man had learned this skill earlier, think of all the wars and bloodshed that mankind could have avoided by simply listening to what the other had to say.

Leadership Theories Essay

Classical and humanist management theories have had a major influence on modern theories of leadership. Making effective use of appropriate models and theories critically examine whether this is the case. In order to answer this question, it will be appropriate to look at how classical and humanist theories emerged and outline some of their theories relating to management. Further discussion will be on the role of management in comparison to that of leadership with concluding arguments on how far these theories have influenced modern leadership. The stride towards industrial development in the 19th century led to the emergence of classical management theories with several approaches. One such approach was how managers should act, manage task and deal with day to day problems of managing the business (Mullins 2004). Example of theories on the above approach is command and control by Henri Fayol, bureaucratic organisation by Max Weber and scientific management by F W Taylor. Fayol cited in Dilys Robinson (Training Journal, Jan 2005) favoured the idea of management organising task and managing people through a hierarchy system. He saw senior level managers as having authority not only by virtue of their position within the organisation but also on the increasing amount of decisions that managers had to make. Senior level managers cascaded orders through a command chain system to employees and had almost no interaction with workers. In addition Fayol taught that managers and workers had to abide by certain principles for the greater good of the organisation. For instance manager’s had to treat workers with some degree of fairness whiles workers on the order hand were expected to accept and follow plans from one leader, sub-ordinate their interest and not step beyond their responsibilities. In the same way Max Weber in Derek Pugh & J Hickman (2007) like Fayol supported the idea of a formalised organisation structure as it legitimised authority and helped to remove problems that authority based on tradition and charisma created. He was also concerned about the likelihood of managers using their authority to abuse workers within the hierarchy system hence his  idea that the relationship between the organisation and managers had to be impersonal in such a way that managerial roles are assigned and their authority based on competence. Additionally, Taylor in Dilys Robinson (Training Journal, Jan 2005) suggested that managers must be responsible for organising work and the task given to selected and trained workers to perform in accordance to the way managers deemed it. His idea seems to assert that there is one best way of performing task and that work task should be tailor made to fit those who have to perform them. Alternatively, humanist theorist which began to emerge on the background of classical management started to teach that workers were not only motivated by reward factors and that consideration of human needs was also a key in motivating workers. Humanist theories also began to look at the behaviour of employees within the organisation. Examples of humanist management theories are Douglas McGregor’s X and Y theory and Rensis Likert’s management systems and styles. Douglas McGregor under theory X proposes that in certain situations managers must use their authority in order to get things done and achieve desired results. Under theory Y, also based on certain assumptions he proposes that managers must be more democratic in their approach as this will motivate staff to contribute more to the organisation. Furthermore Rensis Likerts in Derek Pugh & J Hickman (2007) identified four varying types of management styles bordering on the exploitative – authoritative, benevolent – authoritative, consultative and participative system. The first is characterised by imposed decisions and use of threats and the second the use of rewards mainly to motivate staff. The third is were motivation is by rewards and some participation and the fourth seen as the best solution in that management have confidence in their workers, real responsibility is felt by all, communication is abundant, team-work exists and where motivation is on economic rewards based on agreed set goals between management and staff. McGraw Hill (1967) the human organisation,  agrees that all organisation should adopt this. (http://www.accel-team.com/human_relations/hrels_04_likert.html) However in modern organisations the exploitative – authoritative style of management is less than ideal as this usually results in staff feeling more de-motivated and demoralised. Staffs are also more likely to rebel and challenge management by lodging their grievances with internal or external arbitration systems that are in place today. From the above, it can be that whiles views generated by the classical theorist thinks managers can only lead effectively through a formalised structure, by rules and command, humanistic views provides an alternative as to how managers must lead, they must consider the needs of their workers, encourage participation to motivate and utilise the full potential of workers for the good of the organisation. To further develop this discussion, it would be useful to examine what management and leadership involves as arguments abound as to whether management and leadership are the same or not. However the difference between the two has been shown to be in what both does. Management as a term is generic in meaning and is defined by Terry and Rue in Ernest Dale (1969) as a process or form of work that involves guidance and directing of a group of people toward organisational goals and objectives. It also covers many areas such as planning, organising, problem solving, controlling and putting appropriate structures in place. These are now seen as functions performed by individuals who have been assigned formal roles as managers. Leadership in contrast is defined by Richard L Daft, Patricia G lane (2007) as ‘an influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real changes and outcomes that can reflect their share purpose’. Mullins, L. J (2004) also defines leadership as ‘getting people to follow’ or getting people to do things willingly. From this definition what stands out is that leaders must have followers whiles management use available resources such as people to get things done. Tom Swanick & Judy Mckimm in ABC of Clinical Leadership supports this by citing management as involving the directing of people and resources to achieve organisational values and strategic  direction established and propagated by leadership. One example of what distinguishes leadership and management is when it comes to authority, leaders do not derive authority from a hierarchy system as managers do. An example of this is a case study in John Adair (2007) which was conducted at the laboratory of a molecular biology. The study found out that it was an environment which assigned offices did not exist and all workers regardless of position integrated with one another. It allowed ideas to flourish and be shared which lead to great works being produced by the laboratory. Mullins (2007) mentions also that in the performance of work task under the 7 S’s within the organisational frame work, leaders often make use of what is called the soft S’s, style, staff skills and shared goals whiles managers use the hard S’s which is structure, system and strategy. Zaleznik (1977) cited in Brooks (2005) lends his support and suggests that managers during conflict situations usually focus on achieving compromise to maintain order and do so in an unemotional and lay back manner which does not result in change. For example the parties involved in a conflict may resolve their differences through compromise but does it guarantee that such a conflict will not arise again. Bennis and Nanus (1985) cited in ABC of clinical leadership give additional weight to the above and quotes ‘Managers are people that do things right’ but ‘leaders are people that do the right thing’. Leadership is also associated with being visionary. Gower (2010) for example cites leadership as being an ‘activity that is visionary, creative, inspirational, energising and transformational’. Managers in contrast are seen as being less so. This may stem from the way management developed and trained from the past. Managers are usually assigned to be heads of departments within the organisation and as such tend to look at how they can meet targets within their departments rather than thinking about what direction the whole organisation is heading or needs to head in today’s ever complex and changing environment. In light of these differences, management is still seen as being intertwined with leadership as the former has to  exercise leadership in the performance of their duties. For example Bolman & Deal (1997) see both as necessary for success as organisations that are over managed with little leadership involvement or vice versa results in failure. In conclusion it can be said that classical and humanistic theories have had a great impact on modern leadership in various ways. One of these is that it has changed the way leadership is viewed worldwide. Calls have been made for leadership to be exemplary and moral. A recent example was the leader of Italy, Mr Berlusconi who faced a lot of criticisms on certain aspects of his behaviour whiles in office and as a result was forced to resign from his position. Increase in communication between organisations and with external bodies has been another. Leaders are seen as the face of the organisation and to promote its success, leaders go to great strengths to forge good relations with the communities within which they operate. Finally another impact on modern leadership has been the increase in innovative ideas and technology which has resulted in economic growth. An example of a leader who has shown innovation and vision is Mark Elliot Zuckerbery, owner of Facebook, who transformed the idea of creating a college social website into a global enterprise. References: Brooks Ian (2005), Organisational behaviour: individuals, groups and organisation, 3rd ed, Pearson Education [online] Available at www.dawsonera.com Buechlar Peter; Martin David; Knaebel Hans Peter; Buechlar Markus W, Leadership characteristic and business management in modern academic surgery, Langenberks Archives of Surgery, Volume 391, Issue: 2, Pages149-156. [online] Available on ISI web of knowledge, Accessed 12/12/2011 Derek S Pugh & David J Hickson, (2007), Great writers on organisations, 3rd omnibus ed, Ash gate Publishing Ltd, [online] Available on www.dawsonera.com] Dilys Robinson, http://www.trainingjournal.com/feature/2005-01-01-management-theorists-thinkers-for-the-21st-century/ [Accessed 15/12/11] Ernest Dale (1969), Management: Theory and Practice, Copyright 1993, Carlos C. Lorenzana & Rex Book store [online] Google Books, Accessed 18/12/2011 Gower handbook of leadership and management development, GB: Gower (2010), Edited by Jeff Gold, Richard Thorpe, Alan Mumford [online] Available on www.dawsonera.com http://www.accel-team.com/human_relations/hrels_04_likert.html) John Adair (2007), leadership for innovation, kogan Page Ltd [online] Available at www.dawsonera.com, Accessed 21/12/11 Mullin, L. J (2004), Management and Organisational behaviour, 7th ed., Pearson Education Mullin, L. J (2007), Management and Organisational behaviour, 8th ed., Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall Richard L Draft, Patricia G Lane (2007), The leadership experience, [online] Available on Google books, Accessed 21/12/11 Tom Swanick & Judy Mckimm, ABC of Clinical leadership 1st edition, (2010) Bmj Books, [online] Available on www.dawsonera.com, Accessed 12/12/2012 Bibliography: John P kotter, What Leaders really do, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, Available [online] www.HBSPress.org , Accessed 20/12/11.

HRM315-0703B-06 Managing Human Resources Phase 3 Discussion Board Essay

HRM315-0703B-06 Managing Human Resources Phase 3 Discussion Board - Essay Example enowned psychological theorist from the 20th Century, describes his Hierarchy of Needs, involving five psychological factors which drive employee motivation. Under this theory, once basic physiological needs are met (such as food, water, or simply the existence of a paying career), the employee then requires safety in order to maximize their potential. After meeting needs for safety, belonging is the next tier on the hierarchy, followed by esteem needs, finally reaching self-actualization as the pinnacle of their total capabilities (Morris & Maisto, 2005). Basically, Maslow suggests that motivating employees can be as simple as supplying a secure, well-paying job and giving employees positive feedback regularly when they exceed or meet corporate expectations. This satisfies their psychological needs for security and esteem, allowing them to explore establishing quality peer relationships to reach their fullest potential, thus boosting total productivity. Research has uncovered that equity builds internal motivation within employees, involving perceived fairness regarding their receipt of business rewards equal to their total contribution to the firm (Mathis & Jackson, 2005). If employees feel they are working quite hard for the company, perhaps exceeding expectations, but are not receiving an equitable bonus or compensation reward, they will likely have lowered morale and be non-productive, even angry employees. With this in mind, it is extremely important to the business that managers maintain close monitoring and association with employees who are routinely productive so as to offer fair reward to the employees who deserve it. Many managers, also, tend to forget the importance of non-verbal communication when they are dealing with employees. This is the sending and interpretation of messages with emotional content including facial expressions, eye contact, and tone of voice (Gomez-Mejia, Balkin & Cardy, 2005: 638). Managerial posture often indicates whether the

Explaining Letter Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Explaining Letter - Assignment Example I have taken your complaint into consideration and treated it as a top priority because you are one of our most valued customers. Regards packing and shipping, I would like to just brief you, that every painting that leaves Manhattan Galleries is carefully wrapped with two layers of convoluted foam and one layer of Perf-Pack foam in order to avoid any damage to the painting. The shippers of our products are explicitly instructed that the pictures should be shipped in vertical position and not horizontally, in order to absorb any shocks and bumps along the way that may tend to damage the shipment. But even so, I would like to reassure you once again, that it becomes the sole responsibility of Manhattan Galleries to see that the painting was delivered to you in perfect condition. However, the best we could do in this respect is to request you to kindly take the painting to your local framing – shop and get the canvas re-stretched to fit the frame perfectly. The assurance we could give you is that Manhattan Galleries would bear the entire cost as we do not want to leave you a dissatisfied customer at any cost because we really appreciate you being one of our best customers and intend associating with you in our business even in the future. Thank you so much for letting us know about the condition, which in turn made it possible for us to render good customers like you our committed service. I happened to go through the letter you wrote to the customer who had complained of a sagging canvas and thought that it could do with a few changes. Kindly make the necessary changes to your original letter before posting it to the customer.

Customized vs Off Shelf Software Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Customized vs Off Shelf Software - Essay Example It has numerous in-built databases and features, more than could be needed. Upgrades could be provided free or at subsidized cost. Even so, this software requires constant upgrading. Furthermore, it provides little flexibility because of the inability to control its source code (Cook, 2007). As such, it could fail to be compatible with the organizational goals, hence forcing the organization to change its processes. On the other hand, customized software attracts high initial cost. Just as off-the-shelf software, it is also associated with future cost, but in this, for alterations made to the software. Nonetheless, Cook (2007) observes that it provides the option of starting with the minimum critical requirements and later upgrading to encompass whatever else would be needed. Such changes could be made quickly. Importantly, its ability to be tailored to meet the exact business needs assures of its ability to meet the intended goals. With the main objective of acquiring software for a logistics organization being to meet the organizational objectives, customized software would be best suited for our organization. Even though the organization would incur high initial cost, it would experience the exact objective for which such software is acquired. Additionally, it would only provide what is needed in the organization, thus saving the company idle features consuming

Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media - Essay Example At this point, I have to admit the fact that media plays a significant role in my life and relationships by having a more or less positive impact on my life. Since I am a student, I rely heavily on the media to provide me with all sorts of information and ideas that I need in my career and personal life. The mainstream media that have a lot of impact on many people including the students are the television, radio, print media, and broadcast media. With the print media, I normally comb through the pages of various newspapers and magazines for various information. For instance, I can read the entertainment news while at the same time be updated on the latest news across the globe. Additionally, newspapers are a very good source of education especially for college students who have to keep abreast of world both regional and world affairs. When it comes to radio, I love listening to a wide variety of both local and international channels that offer insightful programs besides entertainin g me with the genres of music that I love. Frankly speaking, an hour of listening to radio makes my day and in cannot imagine my life without listening to the radio. Perhaps the most robust of all the broadcast media outlets is the television that provides both the visual and audio effects to the information being relayed. Technology has indisputably revolutionized the methods and techniques of disseminating information especially by the mainstream media. A classic example of this technology is the digital broadcast that has made it possible to keep updated with the latest news via the internet. With the advent of the internet technology, the social media also sprung up making the world a... This essay approves that technology has indisputably revolutionized the methods and techniques of disseminating information especially by the mainstream media. A classic example of this technology is the digital broadcast that has made it possible to keep updated with the latest news via the internet. With the advent of the internet technology, the social media also sprung up making the world a smaller village through globalization. While their pioneers claim that the intention of the social media was to cover a relatively small geographical area in connecting people, the interest in the same grew to the level that they had to go global. Some of the major social networking sites include Facebook, Twitter, Google+, and YouTube. Through these social networking sites, I am able to chat with friends and family thus keeping my personal relationship with them healthy and vibrant. Additionally, the social media enables interactive sharing of crucial information including the participation o f both the public and the corporate world. This report makes a conclusion that the media, both social and mainstream media, have taken the center stage in everyone’s’ life particularly to the students. Besides, the global population has developed a kind of obsession for such media outlets as the television due to its intensive and extensive dissemination of ideas and information through visual and audio perspectives. The evolution of media has particularly made it possible for many media houses to venture into the practice thus providing clients with a wide variety of information.

Statistics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Statistics - Assignment Example Print material is also more credible since internet sources are generally easier to circulate material on the internet than to print within a book. Moreover, print material is timeliness thus making it more credible than internet material. Credibility of a source is determined by the author and the publisher. Renowned publishers particularly associated with reputable universities are considered to be reliable sources. This is because reputable authors and publishers are considered to be having better credentials thus making the source more credible. Credibility mainly depends on the author’s background information that ought to display evidence of being credible, truthful and knowledgeable. Poor credibility is determined by the tone, style and competence of the under writing that lack anonymity, lack of quality control, negative metainformation, and poor grammar. Accuracy mainly relies on the date of the prevailing information. It ought to be timeliness, comprehensiveness and audience focused. Lack of accuracy on the internet information is depicted by lack of date of the underlying document, vagueness, very old date information that swiftly changes and single sided perception of ideas. Reasonableness mainly entails analyzing the information in regard to fairness, objectivity, moderateness, and consistency of the information in the underlying source. Lack of reasonableness is depicted by unbalanced tone, over claims, presence of massive sweeping statements in regard to unnecessary significance and corresponding conflicts of interest. Support is depicted by statistics and corresponding claim of facts of the underlying source. Poor support sources is one that have presentation of statistics devoid of the identification of the source, lack of the source documentation in cases where documentations are vital and lack of supportive sources that have similar information. The

Personal statement for university approval Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

For university approval - Personal Statement Example ering developed from the position of mechanical trainee at Qatar Petroleum and also at Qatar Petrochemical Company as mechanical technician subsequently. The diploma in mechanical engineering which I acquired from Bradford College enabled me to get a promotion. The position is from mechanical technician to mechanical specialist as I was now able fully to understand the technicality of the rotating section in the company. The enhancement was further made by attaining a position in bagging and logistic area after attaining a degree in mechanical engineering from North Umbria University for two years. It is my inclination to gain more skills and hopefully secure high rank in my employment in the oil industry by completing the degree course in mechanical engineering which I had already started. The reason to this is that the course provides more relevance in the whole process in the oil industry from rotational section to logistics

Interim Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interim - Research Paper Example The company have to choose its suppliers considering its basic business requirements. It therefore needs to operate with other companies have strong management processes as suppliers coupled with effective approaches meant for establishment of their work force in order to ensure that they imrove continuously as well as consistently. According to Aera Energy (2009) the process of choosing a potential supplier for the business needs to be based on the crucials criterias which are specific to particular porcess and indicative of the company’s future success. These criterias are then evaluated and the significant attributes for the processes then chosen. Some usually source for their relevant materials for their business projects from suppliers withuout evaluating to find the right ones. Such suppliiers dont provide them with the right and high quality materiials they aspire to get. Their oprojects end up being either costly, behind time schedule or less productive than if they got the most appropriete suppliers for the materials. Most of these suppliers are not reliable, hence the businesses starts sometimes ends up looking for more materials from other suppliers to supplement them , something which adds cost and spends more time for the company. There is therefore the need to for the company to take tiome and do the necessary selection cretria for suppliers in order to avoid such shortcommings. Selection of the right suppliers would not obnly include looking at the price list of the materials requierd by would also encampass consideration of several factors which would lead to selecing the most competent and reliable suppliers. While doing procurement process for the organization’s materials there would be the need of reducing the potential costs as well as time duration for the process in order to increase productivity of the project or process hence the firms sustainable development. One such approach of

Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review - Article Example It provides alternative to Kenyans living in urban communities to send money to their loved ones living in the provinces. It beats having to spend time falling inline on banks and other money transfer services. The convenience, security, and portability of doing the transaction anytime, anywhere made M- PESA a preferred method for money transfer for 9.5 million Kenyans, that’s over 20 percent of the total population (The Economist, 2010). M- PESA works by converting the user’s cash to ‘e-float’, wherein money is digitalized and is credited to their phone. They could exchange or purchase ‘e-float’ through accredited banks and partnered agents who also sell airtime/ prepaid cards. When they want to send money or ‘e-float’ to another person, they would just key-in the amount they want to send. The receiving party—who also would have to be a Safaricom subscriber to be able to receive the e-float, would just simply show his phone —which contains the text message and reference number to the transaction, to redeem the e-float and exchange it to cash.

African American Identity Essay Example for Free

African American Identity Essay It was a hot August day as sweat beat down on Thomas Jefferson Brown. He had been working in the field 2 hours before the hot sun had made its presence known. He looked back over the drying field, hoping that this crop would provide for his family better than last years crop had. Thomas watched his oldest son, Nathan, who worked down one row of the field while staring intently at the cotton plants as he picked the cotton. Nathan was a very inquisitive young man who had just yesterday asked his father what it was like being a slave for Mr. Walter Johnson. When his father had told him that in a lot of ways life was so much easier than now, Nathan had given him a look that allowed Thomas to know that his son could not understand. How could he understand? Nathan had not grown up a slave and seen that while it was extremely difficult, there was a feeling of stability to life then. Yes, Thomas Jefferson Brown had endured the beatings and yes he had watched as his Mother and eventually his sisters had been sexually assaulted, but how do you tell a young man such as Nathan that such was the way of life; it was to be expected, along with the comfort of knowing where your next meal was going to come from. Since Tomas had been freed after the great war, He s and his family had endured much more than that; having watched the lynching of two of his brothers and numerous friends. They were the lucky ones though, Thomas thought, while looking up at the fiery ball of heat known as the sun. They did not have to endure other hardships; their suffering was over. Yes it was hard for Nathan to know that life was indeed easier as a slave than a freed man, and maybe, just maybe, things would change during Nathans lifetime. Thomas Jefferson Brown wiped his brow once more and continued on picking the cotton? Even though the civil war ended in 1865, African Americans still faced an uphill battle to obtain rights that were afforded other Americans. This was in spite of the fact that 24 African American soldiers earned our Nations highest honor; the Congressional Medal of Honor, during the Civil War. Even with the passing of the 13th Amendment in 1865 banning slavery and the 14th Amendment giving African Americans citizenship and equal protection under the law, there were still so many other issues that would deprive African Americans of their lawful rights, such as having the first African American elected into the 41st Congress in 1869 continuing through 1901 with the 57th congress, which had no African Americans. This trend would continue until the election of 1929 before another African American was elected to congress. In 1873 the Supreme Court decision ruled that the 14th-Amendment guarantee of equal protection of the laws extended only to federal civil rights, thus removing southern states from the duty to protect the civil rights of African Americans, but it was just not their rights that were taken; but their lives as well. Between 1882 and the end of 1900, 1751 African Americans and 1105 white Americans were lynched for trying to further the African American cause (National). Given all of this discrimination and violence, it is hard to imagine that anyone would be willing to further the African American cause, but many stood ready to not only give of themselves, but perhaps even to give their life for this noble cause. African American writers were presented with these problems of equality and self esteem, and yet have truly transformed and continue to support a freed people, to obtain all of their rights. What follows is from three writers who each in his own way contributed mightily to the African American cause. They are W. E. B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, and Glen Loury. First, we have W. E. B. (William Edward Burghardt) Dubois, who was born on February 23, 1868 in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. Dubois was one of the most influential black leaders of the first half of the 20th Century. Dubois shared in the founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, or NAACP, in 1909. He served as its director of research and editor of its magazine Crisis until 1934. He was the first African American to graduate from Harvard University, which he accomplished in 1896. At first, Dubois thought that African Americans could be freed through the Social Sciences, but quickly became disillusioned with this idea and began to believe that freedoms could only come about by agitation and protest(Chew). Dubois recognized that the African Americans of his day faced many problems, not the least of which were of the life threatening variety. After his disillusionment with helping African Americans through the social sciences, Dubois thought that African Americans needed to develop their own culture, which was definitely more American than African. Dubois enjoyed the unique African American culture, particularly that of the Negro spiritual songs. Dubois thought that African Americans should not give in to what white Americans expectations were of African Americans, but to continue to develop as a people. Dubois wrote that all people regardless of their culture, heritage, sex, should be treated as equals. Dubois also thought that African Americans should not worry about competing with the world as a group, but that they should join together to help each other. He eventually was forced to leave the United States because the government considered Dubois an agent of the Soviet Union. That is why he immigrated to Ghana, first obtaining Ghana citizenship, joined the communist party and eventually died there in 1963. Dubois was there for all future African Americans to follow his example. Dubois founding of the NAACP led to many victories for the rights of all Americans, most of which he never saw. Next we have Marcus Mosiah Garvey, who was born in Jamaica on 17 August 1887. Mr. Garvey is best remembered as a pivotal figure in the struggle for racial equality, not just in the United States but throughout the world as well. He founded the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) and African Communities League in 1914 while still in Jamaica, and also championed the back to Africa movement of the 1920s. Of the Africans who departed, Garvey thought, some had left independently while others were brutally removed for economic gain and exploitation. Garvey perceived that the main problems facing not only African Americans, but Africans as well was that they must first go back to Africa and free their African brothers before moving on to other parts of the world. Through the organizations that Garvey had formed (UNIA and ACL), he reasoned that until Africa is free and redeemed, not only in name but in reality, no one would be free, Black or White. Garvey reasoned that no matter what ones race was we are all bound together by the Creator, which is Spirit. The Creator has a purpose for everyone and that purpose did not include being made a slave or subject to anyone for that matter. While Dubois and Garvey did not see eye to eye on the issues involving African Americans, Garvey did align himself closely with Dr Robert Love, and Dr Loves teachings that a race could progress no further than the dignity and esteem of their women and younger girls. Garvey and Love thought that the best way to plant the seeds of dignity and self-esteem would be through the woman and younger girl. Last, we have Glen Loury, who was born in 1948. Mr. Loury is a professor of economics at Boston University while also being a consultant to the Federal Trade Commission. Mr. Loury has devoted a major portion of his career to the study of race and public policy. He is the author of On the Need for Moral Leadership in the Black Community, Responsibility and Race, Impact of Affirmative Action on Equal Opportunity: A New Look, and most recently A New American Dilemma. Mr. Loury saw many problems facing not only African American, but also all Americans, including the civil rights policies of 1960-1985, which seemed to have been based on equality of outcome rather than on equality of opportunity. Mr. Loury also thought that affirmative action policies created backlash. Loury maintained that all Americans should have equal rights with none being given favorable treatment over any other. Loury reasoned that it is hard to justify denying admission to an elite college to anyone who struggled to be able to pass the admissions exam; while admitting a member of a designated minority group, who did not work near as hard to earn his score and is only admitted based on his minority status. Such actions build resentment towards these policies and are only heightened when defenders of the policies claim that to question these policies is to engage in a racist act. Mr. Loury contends that giving preferential treatment with no sound explanation only led to more heightened tensions and is a very grievous error on the part of those who merely wish to be advocates of affirmative action. Loury did see, that there was a proper use of affirmative action, such as on police forces around the country that had a significant percentage of African American citizens and yet none on the police force. These Authors present their own conclusions and reasonings for what happened to the African Americans previous to, and of their own time. These writers used the influences of other African Americans and were also pioneers themselves. All of these writers believed in equality for everyone and thus did share at least one common goal. In Mr. Dubois we have a writer and scholar who originally thought that through a study of Social Sciences and doing what was right could African Americans receive their rights, and yet Dubois was able to refocus and remain firm in his opinions of helping each other and thus able to help not only the African Americans of his generation, but the ones to follow as well. Mr. Dubois saw all of the problems besetting African Americans and knew that they must unite, working together, to build a culture of their own, that would allow all African Americans to have a better life. Mr. Garvey on the other hand, perceived that until the rights and freedoms were restored in the entire African continent, Africans elsewhere would always be treated as second-class citizens. Garvey along with Dr Robert Love, thought that it was through the African women, especially the younger women, that Africans had a chance to make a difference in providing a better future. Mr. Loury saw problems that came about because of the Civil Rights movement, and that African Americans should not merely rely on being a minority to get ahead in life, but instead grab the opportunity that was before them so as not to create a political backlash. Each of these writers have stood their ground for what they believe in, and our world we live in today is better for it. Each of these writers, in their own time, helped frame not just African Americans lives but has truly transformed and continues to support a freed people, obtain all, of their rights. Works Cited Chew, Robin W. E. B. Dubois Sociologist, Author Civil Rights Leader 1868 ? 1963 February 26, 2005. 6 Feb 2006 Dr Coony, Mark Race and Affirmative Action 6 Feb 2006 Du Bois, W. E. B. Of our Spiritual Strivings. Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston: Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 131-145 Garvey, Marcus Motive of the NAACP Exposed Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston: Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 153-154 Loury, Glenn. Free at Last? A Personal Perspective on Race ad Identity in America. Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston: Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 173-180 Marcus Garvey Biography November 2000, K. W. Spence-Lewis Consultant Researcher Community Health and Planning Plant Science. The Making of African American Identity VOL II 1863-1917 National Humanities Center 6 Feb 06 Bibliography Chew, Robin W. E. B. Dubois Sociologist, Author Civil Rights Leader 1868 ? 1963 February 26, 2005. 6 Feb 2006 Dr Coony, Mark Race and Affirmative Action 6 Feb 2006 Du Bois, W. E. B. Of our Spiritual Strivings. Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston: Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 131-145 Garvey, Marcus Motive of the NAACP Exposed Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston: Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 153-154 Loury, Glenn. Free at Last? A Personal Perspective on Race ad Identity in America. Cultural Conversations The Presence of the Past. Ed Stephen Dilks, et al. Boston: Bedford/St Martin, 2001. 173-180 Marcus Garvey Biography November 2000, K. W. Spence-Lewis Consultant Researcher Community Health and Planning Plant Science. The Making of African American Identity VOL II 1863-1917 National Humanities Center 6 Feb 06.

Approaches to Treatment and Therapy: Case Study

Approaches to Treatment and Therapy: Case Study Case Study 1 (Phillip) Background Phillip is displaying multiple adverse psychological symptoms that would best fit the diagnosis of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). Specifically Phillip is a compulsive washer as he maintains a high level of cleanliness, having showers up to three times a day. He also only eats frozen food in order to avoid contamination and organises his furniture, making sure that they are all perpendicular to the wall. These compulsions are repetitive, purposeful behaviours designed to prevent or reduce anxiety (De Silva, 2003). Some, if not most, of Phillip’s anxiety arises from the intrusive thought of stabbing his mother which has become a clinical obsession because he believes that the thought has personal significance and meaning. This may be because Phillip has an inflated sense of responsibility and so believes that he is responsible for preventing the intrusive thought from actually happening (Rheaume et al., 1994). This has led to Phillip avoiding people, his Mother especially, but this has only increased the frequency and severity of his compulsions. It appears that Phillip is stuck in a vicious cycle of his obsessions and his compulsions feeding off one another and so intervention will be needed in order to help him. Theoretical Framework There are two central aspects of OCD, the cognitive aspects which include intrusive thoughts, obsessions and cognitive distortions, and the behavioural aspect of compulsions. In cognitive theory, intrusive thoughts (e.g. I want to stab my mother) occur automatically and usually have no emotional significance but can take on significance, depending on the context in which intrusions happen (England Dickerson, 1988). Such thoughts are very common and have been reported to occur in almost 90% of the population (Rachman de Silva, 1978) but once an individual deems these thoughts as significant it can cause distress and the belief that they are personally responsible for preventing the thought from actually happening. The distress caused by high levels of perceived responsibility has been found in multiple studies (Shafran, 1997; Roper Rachman 1975) as obsessional patients felt a lot more uncomfortable performing checking rituals when they were on their own and calmer when the therapis t was there as the patient felt less responsibility. This sense of responsibility is associated with both worry (Wells Papageorgiou, 1998) and OC symptoms (Salkovskis et al., 2000a). Specifically, the lowering of responsibility is associated with a significant drop in discomfort and need to check (Lopatka Rachman, 1995). One explanation for inflated responsibility is the ‘thought-action fusion’ (TAF) theory which suggests that obsessions occur in people who believe that thinking about a disturbing event is the same as doing it and that having an intrusive thought is morally equivalent to acting on said thought (Rachman, 1993; Shafran, Thordarson Rachman, 1996). TAF is an example of ‘thinking errors’ outlined by Beck (1976) which are used by most people all the time but can be detrimental when thinking errors become central to thought processes (Nisbett Ross, 1980). The most prevalent thinking error in those with OCD is that having any influence over the outcome means that you are responsible for the outcome. Due to the distress caused by the appraisal of intrusive thoughts, individuals aim to neutralise the anxiety caused through mental reassurance and overt compulsions (such as washing and checking) (Salkovskis, 1985). However attempts to neutralise the thought can sustain and potentially increase responsibility beliefs and the occurrence of intrusive thoughts. A common type of neutralising behaviour which is present in Phillip’s case is compulsive washing. Almost 50% of patients with OCD are compulsive washers (APA, 1994) and it is even more common in childhood cases of OCD like Phillip’s with 85% of young patients displaying washing rituals (Swedo et al., 1989b). It has been suggested that one of the main attributes of compulsive washers is perfectionism (Tallis, 1996). Tallis claims that most compulsive washers do not exhibit such behaviour because they are concerned about contamination or illness, instead they are more concerned with maintaining their environment perfe ctly and thus feeling fully in control. Research has found that there is a significant link between perfectionism and OCD in general, not just in compulsive washing (Bouchard et al., 1999). As Phillip appears to be displaying the perfectionist personality trait, it is important to consider this in therapy. As perfectionism has been found to correlate with depressive symptoms (Enns Cox, 1999; Flett et al., 1991) it is possible that a negative mood may be a factor in Phillip’s thinking errors. The mood-as-input theory (Martin et al., 1993) suggests that people use their mood as a factor to decide whether or not they have completed a task. When people are in a positive mood they are more likely to take their affect as a sign that they are progressing in a task and achieving more (Hirt et al., 1996). Whereas those in a negative mood experience the opposite and interpret their mood to mean that they haven’t progressed enough and so must continue with the task (Schwarz Bless, 1991; Frijda, 1988). This may occur because people in negative moods have been found to process tasks more extensively than those in positive moods (Mackie Worth, 1989). This is a significant theory for Phillip’s case as individuals with OCD tend to use internal states that are difficult to achie ve such as ‘having a gut feeling’ to help them decide when to stop compulsive behaviour (Salkovskis, 1998). They therefore have stricter personal requirements for making decisions and so what should be an automatic decision becomes a strategic one and the strict criteria have to be met before anxiety is reduced and the compulsive behaviour can stop (Salkovskis et al., 2000a). Problem Formulation Phillip presents all of the issues outlined in the theoretical framework which will act as the foundations for intervention. Figure 1 shows the main aspects of Phillip’s case and highlights his rules for living and the cycle in which he is trapped. From the information given in Phillip’s case, it appears as though the bottom line of his psychology is â€Å"I have to have full control over every aspect of my life† which may have been caused by authoritarian parenting (Timpano et al., 2010) or childhood trauma (Lochner et al., 2002) which have both been found to significantly correlate with OCD symptoms. Whilst there isn’t enough information about Phillip’s childhood to speculate if such things have happened to him, these are factors to bear in mind during treatment. This strict bottom line in Phillip’s life has led to certain maladaptive rules of living including his perfectionism (control over actions) and inflated responsibility (control over thoughts and feelings). He also has a generally negative mood as an input to his thought processes because he can never fully satisfy the strict standards that he sets himself. Then, when Phillip was a teenager he began experiencing intrusive thoughts about stabbing his mother. Such intrusive thoughts are not usually enough to trigger anxiety but due to Phillip’s rules of living, he finds personal meaning in the thought and feels responsible for preventing the thought from happening. This triggers anxiety and so he seeks to neutralise the thought through compulsive washing, arranging furniture and socially isolating himself. When these neutralising behaviours reduce his anxiety it reinforces Phillip’s thinking errors, his rules of living and his bottom line. Thus, when his anxiety is triggered again he repeats the behaviour and so Phillip is trapped in a cycle of his compulsions and obsessions reinforcing one another. Figure 1. Problem Formation flow chart for Phillip Treatment Intervention Phillip’s treatment can start with cognitive therapy aiming to focus and modify his thinking errors and inflated sense of responsibility. At the same time as this Phillip can take part in group therapy designed specifically to treat perfectionists. After these treatments and once Phillip feels ready to, he can move on to exposure and response prevention (ERP) using virtual reality to simulate dirty and contaminated environments. This will help him to control his compulsions and get him out of the obsessive-compulsive cycle. For Phillip, cognitive therapy will start by focussing on the distinction between intrusive thoughts and his negative appraisal of those thoughts. As outlined by Menzies and de Silva (2003), this begins by asking patients to reflect upon the last time they had an intrusive thought and what their behavioural reaction was to this thought. Phillip will then be encouraged to recognise that it was not the thought itself that cause his subsequent behaviour but how he interpreted the thought. It is important that the client understands the distinction between his intrusions and their appraisal before moving on to further intervention as it may otherwise confuse them. Next, Phillip taught about how common intrusive thoughts can be, to help him dismiss any feelings of shame or guilt that he may be feeling. It is suggested by Salkovskis (1999) that patients should be encouraged to view intrusive thoughts as a potentially positive and useful occurrence that can help with problem solving and for esight. The goal of this is not to eliminate their intrusions but to help them feel more positive by normalising them. Phillip is also encouraged to modify his responsibility appraisals in order to reduce his inflated sense of responsibility. Van Oppen Arntz (1994) found that even when people with OCD understand how unlikely it is that their intrusive thoughts will become reality, they continue to show compulsive behaviours because they feel a sense of responsibility to stop it from happening. Van Oppen Arntz (1994) suggest creating a pie chart with patients that they can divide up to represent the importance of factors that may contribute to a feared outcome. Once Phillip assigns percentage values to each factor he will be able to visualise that his role of responsibility is much smaller than he originally thought. This technique will help Phillip to reassess the overestimation of his responsibility and realise the importance of other uncontrollable factors. Whilst undergoing cognitive therapy Phillip will join group therapy to help him with his perfectionism. Ferguson and Rodway (1994) outlined a group therapy programme for perfectionism based on cognitive-behavioural theory. This programme will aim to help Phillip understand the problems that can arise from perfectionism and what strategies can be used in order to change his perfectionist way of thinking. The therapy will also be based on the outline provided by Kutlesa and Arthur (2007) which applies a psycho-educational approach to perfectionism, using interpersonal theory (Yalom,1995) as the psychological component which will ask Phillip and others in the group to focus on the present rather than worrying about the future. The educational component will use elements of cognitive-behavioural theory (Ellis, 1991; Beck, 1993) to teach the group about the thinking errors involved in perfectionism and skills to cope with and change these thinking errors. Once Phillip has made progress in both treatments and feels ready for the next step he will move on to ERP as a treatment for his compulsive behaviour. Firstly, Phillip will be steadily and gradually exposed to environmental triggers. He will write a list of situations in which he could be contaminated, started with the one that makes him the least anxious and working his way up to the worst. Most ERP treatments ask participants to experience these situations either through images or in vivo but a new method of virtual reality (VR) is being used in the treatment of OCD and it has been found to be effective (Kim et al., 2009; Belloch et al., 2014). Using VR, Phillip will then be exposed to the items on his list one by one, experiencing each one repeatedly until anxiety is completely reduced and Phillip is ready for the next item. Another aspect of this treatment is response prevention which aims to help patients control their compulsions in advance of triggering events (Meyer et al., 1974). This involves strategies such as using alternative behaviours and modifying compulsive rituals which can be integrated into the VR exposure. This treatment aims to expose Phillip to his triggers in a safe way reducing his anxiety for those situations and learning to control his compulsions in the process. Evaluation Using cognitive and behavioural treatments together is crucial for Phillip’s intervention as they both deal with either the obsessions and the thinking errors or the compulsions but not both. If only one of these elements is dealt with then it is likely that the other will return. Whilst cognitive therapy has been found to be potentially effective on its own (Cottraux et al., 2001) studies have found that when ERP is combined with cognitive therapy it produces lower dropout rates, greater general coping and decreased obsessive-compulsive symptoms (Kyrios et al., 2001; Freeston et al., 1997). A major aspect of Phillip’s case that wasn’t dealt with in cognitive-behavioural therapy that was not covered was his perfectionism. Research has found that CBT doesn’t significantly reduce perfectionist symptoms (Egan Hine, 2008) whereas Richards etal. (1993) found lower scores on perfectionism and depression scales and increased levels of self-reported wellbeing and self-esteem in response to group therapy. The incorporation of VR is a modern approach to ERP but it is one that is becoming very popular in the treatment of many anxiety disorders (Kim et al., 2009) and has been found to be as effective as in vivo exposure (Belloch et al., 2014). One aspect that wasn’t addressed in Phillip’s treatment is that of his family. As mentioned earlier it is possible that authoritarian parenting (Timpano et al., 2010) or childhood trauma (Lochner et al., 2002) could be involved in Phillip’s case as these are common causes of childhood OCD. There are family-based therapies that are shown to be effective in these cases (Lebowitz, 2013) but there wasn’t enough information about Phillip’s family to make such assumptions. If, in therapy, similar issues are revealed then family-based therapy may be very useful for Phillip. Also, little attention was given to biological factors even though pharmacological treatments are very effective in the treatment of OCD (Abramowitz, 1997; de Haan et al., 1997). This is because it would only tackle Phillip’s symptoms whereas cognitive therapy with ERP and group therapy will help Phillip to understand his rules of living, his bottom line, and how to potentially c hange or cope with this. References

Qualities of the Effective Leader

Qualities of the Effective Leader Qualities of the Effective Leader In every form of community, there is always one person or a group of people who manages or handles the issues, known as a leader. And, in order to be leaders, those certain people have to earn the hearts of majority who belong to their communities. However, winning the hearts of people is not the only quality of the effective leader. For this, leaders must be an expert to manipulate the people’s mind, and there are four ways to master. First is to focus on the majority of the population. Second is to give an illusion to people in the name of hope that they may receive the helps from the government. Third is not to raise the expectation of people. Last is to shift the concerns of people which may lead to question the qualification of leaders. However, manipulating the minds of people doesn’t ensure that states will function properly. Therefore, the effective leader must learn how to govern people. And there are two ways that can guarantee leaders that their followers wou ld follow their words. One is â€Å"to be feared than to be loved†(Machiavelli, The Prince, Pg46). Other one is to â€Å"appear, upon seeing and hearing him, to be all mercy, all faithfulness, all integrity, all kindness, all religion†(Machiavelli, The Prince, Pg 49). However, if one really possesses these virtues, then one may be chained by one’s own virtue and moral to forget one’s duty that is to maintain the community. According to Durkheim, the mere fact that we are human made us create society, and people subordinate to society rationally. (Durkheim, Individualism). And, based on most people’s rationalism, a leader must have enough ability to earn the credits from the people. For one to be a leader, then it is obvious that one needs to know the way to be credibility and, for this, one needs to how to manipulate people’s minds and be favored by the majority of population since favoring minority of population can’t make a leader stay in the position for a long. If a leader dares to betray their hearts and favors minority of population, it would lead to the downfall of the leader. Luis XVI, for instance, removed from his throne in 1791 by French Revolution because he favored priests and aristocrats, who are minor, and forced the commoners whose population consists of 98% of contemporary France to pay more taxes. Therefore, an effective leader must favor the majority of people; o therwise, there would be conflicts between people and the leader, which would eventually lead to the tragic end of the leader. Throughout history, there have been no cases in which people rebel against leader when they have hope that their leader would do something good for them. Therefore, an effective leader needs to figure out the needs of people and lend a hand to them. So, the leader can earn respect; however, the support should not exceed the certain degree that may lead to increase in deficits of the country. If the leader fails to achieve this, not only people but also a whole nation would be in great confusion. As a result, it may lead to the collapse of the nation. Therefore, helping people can be known as virtuous but not effective. So, the effective leader who must be appeared as kind and generous should create an illusion which can balance the hope of people and the economy of the nation. So that, people may think they would also receive help and expect the mercy or generosity from the leader. Once, Lao Tzu said â€Å"When the master governs, the people are hardly aware that he exists† (Lao Tzu. Tao-teaching, pg 24), but he also mentioned â€Å"there is a time for being in motion.† (Lao Tzu. Tao-teaching, pg 26) In other words, the best leader only takes action when he believes it is necessary. This is because if the leader continues to work for the welfare of people, people who have experienced better world would expect things to be better (Plato, Allegory of the Cave). In the end, the nation itself would be bankrupt, and people would blame on leaders for using taxes unnecessarily. So, the effective leader needs to manipulate the expectation of the people. However, unlike other qualities, this quality gives the direct effect on the reputation of the next leader. For example, Ashoka, the emperor of Mayura Empire, conquered the largest territory in Indian history, and later, promoted Buddhism to stabilize his empire; however, the golden age of Mayura Empire on ly stayed for his time because the successor was not able to meet the expectation of people who trust the successor to be like Ashoka to attack other countries in order to gain the wealth from other nations to decrease taxes and share his fortune. Then, the country started to decline and just sustained for a half century after golden age. Therefore, the effective leader needs to consider the successor; If the expectation of people and ability of leader are not in equilibrium state, this would result to the great confusion in the nation. Another quality that an effective leader must possess is that â€Å"a prince (leader) must be prudent enough to know how to escape the bad reputation of those vices that would lose the state for him, and must protect himself from those that will not lose it for him.†(Prince, Machiavelli) This clause shows that a leader must know how to escape criticism in order for one to stay in the power. Therefore, in order for him to achieve this, the effective leader needs to use media for shifting concerns of people. Current leaders make use of the media quite well that whenever there are some concerns against their reputations, the media begins to focus on crimes or scandal between celebrities to change people’s concerns. So, people would forget whatever mistakes they made. If a leader fails to achieve this, then people would recognize him as untrustworthy and who will try to follow his words? Therefore, there are high possibilities that people would underestimate the leader and dare to challenge the leader. So, the effective leader needs to possess this quality for him to lead the people. In addition, Machiavelli said â€Å"men in general judge more by their eyes than their hands; for everyone can see but few can feel. Everyone sees what you seem to be, few perceive what you are, and those few do not dare to contradict the opinion of the many who have the majesty of the state to defend them.† From this quote, we can lucidly figure out that people would not judge their leader through experience but through what they hear and see. Therefore, the leader must prioritize appearance, and this would make him lay the foundation of his good reputation. If the leader would be able to establish this foundation, then people in the society would trust he has a good nature even though some people could perceive the pretentiousness. Furthermore, Machiavelli said, â€Å"it is better to be feared than to be loved†. According to him, this is because â€Å"love is held together by a chain of obligation which, since men are a sorry lot, is broken on every occasion in which their own self-interest is concerned; but fear is held together by a dread of punishment which will never abandon you.† Although his view may seem cynical, his words are quite true. Men have a tendency to neglect the love and may make excuses them to gain what they want. However, fear is different. Fear chained people to inhibit their thoughts regarding desires to attain their interest. Moreover, fear can also increase the efficiency of productivity. Men are such creatures that require certain conditions such as deadline, pressure and tension to accomplish the task. So, fear may serve as one of these conditions. Therefore, fear ensures leaders that followers would not only do their task but also increase productivity. To conclude, the ability to make others fear is the qualities that the effective leader must possess. Lastly, virtue is not one of the qualities that the effective leader must have. For being virtuous, the leader would need to make virtuous decisions which may bring negative effects to the society which means the whole people belonging to that particular community would suffer from it because the leader tries to pursue ideal when one live in the reality. This is totally against the duty of the leader that is to lead the people. Therefore, virtuous shouldn’t include as one of the qualities since this may blind leaders to make an absurd decision rather an effective one which is more suitable for reality. In other words, the effective leader needs to distinguish the difference between ideal and real. In China, there was a king named as Yanggong from Song country during warning states period. According to history, he valued fairness. So, during the war, when the enemy invaded the country’s territory, he waited for the enemy to be prepared for a fair battle. So, in this batt le, his virtuous decision led to the defeat of his nation. Although people have very different perceptions about the effective leader, most people, in my opinion, believe that the effective leader is the one who leads the followers effectively, and, for that, leaders must understand both reality and the nature of people. Therefore, the qualities, mentioned above, must be considered as the basic qualities that leaders need to deal with people and reality for one to lead the group effectively even though there may be more qualities that the effective leader should possess. First is to manipulate the minds of people. Second is to be loved than to be feared. Third is to maintain a good reputation. Last is to distinguish reality and ideal. However, it may seem a hard task for one to have all these qualities. So, leader must appear to have all these qualities.

The Effects of Secondary Soil Salinization :: Agriculture Agricultural Essays

Introduction: Irrigation has been used as tool by humans for over 8000 years. Irrigation started in the Nile valley where humans attempted to modify the way that the river seasonally flooded their fields in order to make cropland more productive (van Schilfgaarde, 1994). From 1940 to 1989 the amount of land being irrigated around the world has increased at a rate of 2.7% per year. In 1940 there were 95 M ha in irrigation while by 1989 there were over 280 M ha (van Schilfgaarde, 1994). This large increase in land under irrigation occurred at the same time as an exponential jump in human population, and increases in both are greatest in the arid and sub-arid regions of the Earth. Our population has therefore become reliant on irrigation to fend off large scale hunger (Abrol et al., 1988). As rain falls it carries no dissolved salts. Once this water strikes the earth and travels as surface runoff or in ground water it will come into contact with and carry dissolved salts. Any water used for irrigation carries ions in solution and by depositing this water on our fields in the form of irrigation we can effect the concentration of salts in our croplands. If these salts become too concentrated it can lead to salinization. Salinization can reduce yields in it's earliest stages and eventually lead to the destruction of fertility in the soil. Currently the Earth is losing 3 ha of arable land a minute to the effects of salinization (Abrol et al., 1988). Can we stop this loss? Will we be able continue using arid lands to meet our food needs? The Secondary Salinization Process Salinization has a direct effect on both plant growth and the structure of the soil. If the soil is saline a plant will have to expend energy bringing water into it's cells because it is forced to work against osmotic potential. The cation exchange complex (CEC) effects the stability of colloid size particles in the soil. The cation's positive charge will be attracted to the negative charge found on clay particles which make up most of the colloid fraction. Di-valiant cations(Ca, Mg) will allow the colloidal particle to get close enough together that Van Dehr Wahls forces will cause the clays to flocculate, or form stable aggregates. Sodic soils, whose CEC is dominated by mono-valiant sodium cations, will tend to be dispersed and not form stable aggregates.

New York City Before, During, and After the Civil War Essays -- Histor

New York City Before, During, and After the Civil War In its long and illustrious history, New York City (NYC) has gone through tremendous change. From a small trading post on the tip of Manhattan Island, to the greatest metropolis in the world, NYC has continued to evolve over time. One period in particular that had more degrees of change than many others, was 1860 to 1865. The lives of the residents of the great port city would be completely changed forever. The common life of a NYC merchant in 1860 was that of a well-rounded diplomat. One who was able to make deals with both the Southern plantation owner, who sold him the cotton from which the merchant made his money, and the European who the merchant sold this cotton to. This merchant was well aware of how the cotton came from the ground, through the gin, and into the bales. He was well aware that his whole economy was based on this cotton. He also had moral feelings toward the "peculiar institution" that had given him this cotton to trade. But the question on his mind is, "why bite the hand that feeds you?" Anxiety and fear were common emotions faced by these merchants at that time. If you were to sever the ties between the north and the south, what will America's greatest importing and exporting city do? Will this schism between the nation cause NYC's growth to stop? What effect, if any, would the formation of a new republic in the south have on the lives of the people and commerce of the City? In 1860, there were several different directions NYC could go. One option would be to stay firm and represent the ideals of capitalism, freedom, and liberty, which had made the city so strong. To side with the nation that their grandparents had liberated ... ...3-140 5. Foner Ph.D., Phillps Business and Slavery, The New York Merchants and the Irrepressible Conflict New York: Russell and Russell, 1968 6. Freeman, Andrew A. Abraham Lincoln Goes to New York New York: Coward-McCann, Inc., 1960 Pages 100-121 7. Harris, Bill The History Of New York City New York: Archive Publishing, 1999 Pages 98-111 8. Pleasants, Samuel Agustus Fernando Wood Of New York- Studies in History, Economics, and Public Law New York: Colombia University Press, 1948 Pages 102-125 Works Cited 1. Pleasants page 115 2. Pleasants page 115 3. Pleasants page 116 4. Alexander page 348 5. Pleasants page 103 6. Barrows page 869 7. Pleasants page 143 8. Barrows page 893 9. Barrows page 903 10. Gettysburg Address

Camus: On and In Action :: Camus Essays

Camus: On and In Action ABSTRACT:In this paper I wish to examine the position of Camus regarding social change, namely his concepts of rebellion and revolution. I in no way question his well-deserved status as a major twentieth-century French writer, nor do I wish to suggest that he may have been someone caught in a Sartrean notion of 'bad faith.' I am concerned with what one might call his theory of social action. I do wish to assert that Camus was a good man who seriously wrestled with the events of his time. Yet his claims on behalf of suffering humanity, while honest, are not sufficient when faced with complex social issues. That his move toward the right that today might well be taken for a supposed liberalism was undoubtedly bound up with his continued misunderstanding of the dialectic of history. A Series of Critical Observations Camus continually stresses the break from Christianity (God is dead—the world is without order) whether in speaking of the French Revolution or what he calls the new absolutism of the communist revolution. In the first case there is a degree of confusion on the issue when speaking of Rousseau, St. Just, and the divine right monarchies. Camus obviously holds to one traditional view of the king as God's representative on earth and from this lays the groundwork for his future project. I would like to suggest that there are at least two alternate interpretations of divine right monarchy that vie for our attention. First, there is the view forwarded by Reinhart Koselleck in his 1959 book Kritik und Krise. There in he suggests that rather than a union of the sacred and the secular, divine right monarchy already announced the triumph of the secular over the sacred. Before this period there had been the two worlds of religion and politics. With the Reformation Christianity no longer w as unified under the pope but broke into various factions. The divine right of kings, whether it is in England or France, certainly allowed for an absolutism, but relegated the religious partner to the outer fringe of politics where it was left to argue matters of theology and direct the religious faithful while recognizing the supremacy of the King in all matters political, or even, as in England, recognizing the King as leader in both matters. When Camus points to Marx's observation that the beginning of a radical critique of society is a radical critique of religion, he believes his own critical project to be partly vindicated.

African-Americans Volunteer to Join Ww1 Essay

I am happy to write on behalf of Jorida Petritaj. As her English Language Learner’s teacher for the past three years, I have gotten to know her well, and can appreciate what an extraordinary person she is. Jorida has worked very hard these past three years I have known her, and I have seen her grow not only in her English proficiency, but in her academics across the board. She has set high standards for herself, and maintains these standards consistently throughout high school. She has earned the respect of teachers and peers. Jorida came to Affton High School her freshmen year of high school from Albania, and in spite of her limited English proficiency has excelled in each of her classes, and has chosen to take honors classes as well. She works very hard, and helps other ESOL students who are new to Affton. In spite of all of the difficulties that a high school student endures both socially, and academically, Jorida has matured and made choices that have given her excellent opportunities in the Affton community. As an outstanding citizen, I have seen her assist other students during the school year. She genuinely has a desire to see others learn when they are struggling. Her empathy is evident in the way she engages with other students. She has worked during her high school years to help her family. Her family made the decision to come to America so Jorida and her little brother Gledi would have greater academic opportunities. Jorida has taken full advantage of this gift by following her dream of working in the pharmaceutical field by attending South County Technical’s Pharmacy School. Jorida will be an asset to any program that she attends. She will thrive in any setting: academically, socially, and professionally. Your consideration for this deserving student is deeply appreciated.

Creative Writing Coursework: Armageddon

The popu lately was dim. The rock-and-roll w totallys were damp and cold. In fact, the entire entrust was damp, the al-Qaida and the ceiling the place was a dump. The sense of damp, urine and excre manpowert was present, in that location was anformer(a) smell lingering too, an unkn proclaim smell. It was the sickly s goch of dried subscriber line. In the style five custody were set roughly a bighearted turn clear up, b alleycaster at from from severally nonpareil iodin other.Brandon Cole walked by dint of the darkness. After finishing work he had decided to take the short passage home. Brandon wrapped his girdles nearly him. It was cold. The nearly(p) of Brandons pedestalsteps echoed through the narrow road. Brandon could put superstar everyplace vigor it was pitch smoothenhearted, he squinted to try and consume through the darkness. Brandon proceed walking bug step up the stone road, he entangle s sparklelything sprinkle beneath his feet, he mutte fierce irritably to himself and grabbed his illumination from his pocket. He f shell the lid confirm and the light source burst in to light, manage a tiny explosion.The dispirited flame did precisely some(prenominal)thing to improve Brandons vision over over against the darkness. Brandon readiness dispirited(p) placing the lighter by his foot, squinting again. The smell peach him and Brandon recoiled pronto, the smell invaded his nostrils and for a zip second Brandon thought he was passing game to vomit. He spoke break noisy relationshipy dogs, crapping everyw readyher he placed his foot down on the history and began lucre it, wiping a appearance(predicate) the filth.Brandon blank out and pulled a nance from his pocket pushing it between his lips. He lit it and inhaled deeply, he left it a second thence breathed out a commodious stream of bullion regretful angel smoke. Brandon began walking again, he morose a corner and comprehend a microscop ic noise down him, and Brandon spun around quickly. Probably that flaming dog, he thought. As Brandon moody back down he power precept the presage standing fronts him, maxim it lunge past, mat it bite his distinguish. Brandon assay to shout for attention scarcely his pharynx tangle constricted. Brandon swallowed hard and snarl up the teething sink deeper into his neck. Brandon looked up and maxim a shooting star. Make a wish. He blacked out.The five manpower in the mode eyed each other silently. The means was deathly silent. Each of the custody was spiffed up in black suits, their acquaints unbalanced. A coarse hu gentle bits gentle piecekind sitting at the leave of the table in conclusion broke the calm How is the training programme coming along? he use uped, his thick Russian stress was extremely noticeable. Silence. The Russian universe take down his show and sighed. The dummy up seemed almost palpable. A deafening roar and then a spacio us thud on the table last broke the silence. The Russian part gl ard around the steering, silence enveloped oer the room once again.An Ameri arouse opus sit on the look of the table began to let the cat out of the bag Sir, the training plan is break outing abysmally. We apologise. The American troops held the Russian creations see for a fewer seconds. The American man knew the Russian man as Boran Yelstof. He was 27 years old, his hair was jet black and his eyeball were a very pale hoar colour. In the darkness of the room Boran could b arly be seen. From the shadows BoranFinally verbalize What about the other club? The American man smiled Sir, that plan is overtaking well. In fact its happening even mop up succeeding(a) portal now. He said these quarrel slow and confidently. Boran smiled bearing gleaming ashen teeth they seemed to cluck the darkness of the room. Boran stood up Take me to the club. Now The American man rose quickly and stumbled backwards. He glowering and walked quickly to the admittancesill. It was almost time.Brandon woke up he tangle a searing imposition in his neck and placed his leafs on the wound. He hissed in pain as he touched it. He could tasting his own kind in his brim, it was congealed and some of it was dry. Brandon spat the pain in his neck intensified as the large mucoid spittle that was mixed with line exited his communicate and landed on the floor. Brandon placed a sof 2od on his aching head and spat again. He massaged the bridge of his nose. He ran his tongue across his teeth to bring in the worst of the blood glowering them, Brandon felt a sharp pain on his tongue and felt blood have to trickle from it. He placed his finger in his mouth to see what had caused the accident. His look heart-to-heart with horror as he felt two sharp fang teeth. He shut his eye and want make full his mind. Want for just now one thing. humane blood.The room was dull green in colour, on the floor deposit composition board mats selotape held them down. Water could be seen leaking through the walls and the sense of smell of damp was clearly present in the room. Boran looked around. Men were stood around the cardboard mats, cheerful mindlessly. In the circle two men were fighting, the sound of blood splattering on the floor could be comprehend to a higher place the prosperous. The sound of seize clenched clenched fists smashing against attire could be easily heard. Boran smiled. Boran walked into the middle of the circle. The cheering stopped suddenly. Boran smiled, kicked saturnine his shoes and took his take up off.He pointed to a stocky man from the host. Boran canvass him carefull the half-light made it onerous to see. From what he could see Boran axiom the man had blonde hair he had grey eyes and looked pretty strong. Boran pointed at the man at motioned for him to get on with into the circle. The man walked slowly and cautiously into the centre of the circle and stood oppositeness Boran. Boran increase his fists avery to fight.The blonde man c clobber his fingers and raised his own fists. A sound sounded and the fight began. Without incredulity Boran forced his fist down as hard as he could on to the blonde mans nose, the cast off way of bone make full the room. The blonde man stumbled back blood erupted from his broken nose. Boran looked at his grant, blood was d splitting from it, Boran stared at it face deeply as if expecting an answer from the rosy-cheeked fluid, and stock- dumbtually he licked it, savour the liquid. Boran smiled as the crowd roared on. The blonde man lashed out at Boran, nerve-wracking to inject him but before he could Boran drove his fist into the mans jaw.Once again he heard the snap of bone, the blonde man fell down in a heap. Boran raised his hand to silence the crowd and silence came quickly. Boran looked around the room and afterward what seemed a bid(p) an eternity Boran began to speak curse condition friends. You are all alike, all dedicate on one thing. You are all lamias the terminology echoed through the dim room. Boran continued Tomorrow I result endure assignments through your doors. They mustiness be completed, if you fail to complete them then the sentence trailed off and Boran looked at the blonde man, his hair was red with blood now. Boran walked away, move his shoes on as he passed. As Boran loose the door to leave he dour and smiled Continue the deafening roar of cheering filled his ears once again.You kill the master, you kill them all the incline accent filled the room the puzzle is that no one write outs who the master is. Tyler freewoman stood up it was boiling in the small confines of the room. Tyler walked to the window and pulled it up, the air came in and Tyler sighed as the cool breeze work his face. The sun was high and Tyler looked up at it for a second, he lowered his gaze and saw green lights dancing in front of him, he shut his ey es and rubbed them, nerve-racking to get the green flashes out of his head. The other men in the room were silent.Boran sit in the darkness he couldnt go foreign. The day was always so boring it was like being countryed. Boran closed his eyes, each assignment had been indite. Boran sighed he was trying to sleep. He could do with a few hours of rest, withal sleep seemed to avoid Boran lately. He had heard of hunters living around the orbit he was staying, they were his solely fear, it wasnt because they could kill him it was just because the vampire hunters could expose the vampire race, it would be awful. Boran looked at his watch, it was 147pm, he sighed. Boran stared at the dull, damp walls, at the concrete floor and at the large woody table. He shut his eyes again. He knew it was going to be a very long day.Brandon was sat at home, he glintd over at his wife and smiled Beth, come over here he said. Beth walked slowly over to him and sat on his knee. He smiled again. Bra ndon travel forward and placed his mouth on Beths, she responded quickly and fiercely, she probed her tongue into his parted lips. Brandon undetermined his mouth fully, pushing his tongue further into Beths mouth. Beth felt a sharp pain on her tongue and withdrew it quickly. She felt the blood seeping slowly from it. Brandon opened his mouth fully exposing the gleaming w get throughe fangs.Before Beth even had a chance to scream Brandon was upon her, he drove his sharp fangs into Beths neck ripping off skin and tearing muscle. Blood pumped from the wound and Brandon drank it, enjoying the taste. Brandon stood up, blood dripping down his chin. He stared across at the mirror no reflection stared back. Brandon smiled disclosure bloodied teeth once again.Tyler had found the tuberosity on his desk about 15 transactions ago yet he read it out loud like it was the offset time he had seen it. Scrawled on the production line were the wordsNEST ABONDONED WAREHOUSE-CALDICOT lane7pm TONIGHT. TYLER, BE THERE-ANON.Tyler knew of the store, he remembered contend there as a kid. exactly who could have sent the occupation? The interview gnawed at his mind and finally Tyler slammed his hand down on the desk and blasted. He knew he had to check it out. Tyler looked at the letter again and sighed. He would need to get a caller together by at least five that evening. Tyler slipped the letter back into the envelope he wondered who was telling him where to go. other scared him too the letter was written in blood.Boran had given up on sleep and instead decided to give his minions the assignments. He looked at the one on top of the pile. Boran had writtenAs you sleep with I am Boran, the master. I, like you am a vampire. Yet I am unlike, I am the master. I can control you. I do not work you hard so I feel you should thank me. I am communicate you a favour, as I am worried. As you go hunters lead in this part of the world and I have reason to believe that hunter s are here searching for us. I ask you to buzz off one of my soldiery you allow be treated well and with respect. So, if hunters do come in search of us we leave be ready or at least I commit we will be. I am asking for your help and I hope you will be bold enough to help me.Thank youBoran.Boran smiled, he knew his followers would do this for him, they would do anything for him. They were mindless drones in his eyes. Boran smiled and slid the lineage under the door he had only ternion left. Boran looked around the corridor as he posted the letters it was the homogeneous dark green as the rest of the place. Boran looked at the wall, at where his shadow shouldve been. He laughed, a shadow was something he had never had, Boran had been a vampire in the womb He was the only one that existed, that was how he had become the master.He remembered standing over the closing curtain masters deathbed, he could remember the exact words spoken to him You are a virtuous bred vampire, y ou will be the next master. Boran, you will change history. You will hold Armageddon in your hands, I hope you will do us proud. Boran lowered his head, as of yet it had not come and Boran wondered if it ever would. Boran stared at the dull green glow of the light. It would in instruct be time it had to be.Brandon looked at the clock, it was 530pm. Next to Brandon was his wife. Beth sat unmoving. Brandon knew she was resting. He smiled thinly her blood had been amazing. A large crimson stain was soaked through the floor, Brandon licked his lips and smelled the coppery odour of her blood, he smiled and licked his lips.Beth stirred and Brandon glanced over at her, she was beautiful, her long brown hair, her deep blue eyes everything. Brandon stared at the steady rise and fire up of her toilet table it seemed to intrigue Brandon. Suddenly, Beth woke up and began gasping for air, she screamed and it seemed to penetrate the stillness and silence of the room, like a knife being scr aped down a chalkboard. Brandon looked at Beth and shouted Beth, whats wrong? a hint of fear sounded in his voice. Beth looked at him and pulled her tee shirt up revealing her flat back. Slashed across with unblemished precision wasCome to the abandoned warehouse in Caldicot rd at 645 tonight. Beth, Brandon do not be lateYour MasterBoran.Beth looked at Brandon and he saw tears streaming down her cheeks, he swallowed hard and pointed at her stomach. Beth looked down. The words had disappeared.Tyler looked around the room and detect it was fully surface. The fluorescent lights cast a cold, bright glow over the room. The room was big, as Tyler paced the room he could hear his footsteps collision the cold, metal floor. He looked at the group of men standing before him, he didnt know any of them but that didnt matter. Tyler faced them You know the rules Dont play hero, kill all vampires without hesitation and kill a member if the are bitten, Tyler raised his eyebrows Got it? he said . The five men all said Yes sir at the same time.Tyler ran an eye over each of each of them, checking they were properly equipped, Tyler nodded approvingly, there were no faults with any of the men. Tyler grabbed the four wooden steaks that lay on the table, his bomber that was also on the table, fifteen boxes of ammo and a large silver samurai sword that hung on the wall. Tyler sucked in a deep breath and lowered his gaze, feeling at his feet. Lets go he ordered, a note of determination in his voice. only if there was something else in his voice too up maintain Maybe?Tyler felt his stomach pass and shut his eyes for a brief second. He reached for the door.Boran opened his eyes and looked at his watch, it was 617pm, he had to prepare, he had to see who was willing to join his army. Boran rubbed his eyes, he had dropped off for a short time, he was still worrying about the vampire hunters, Boran feared for what exponent happen. Boran realised what he had to do, the task would be difficult but he must do it. Boran looked up at the wall, a small calendar was there, and he studied it. It was Thursday, Boran lowered his head he was going Friday, he wondered if something was going to happen before then. He hoped it wouldnt, Boran looked at his watch -Friday couldnt come soon enough.Beth and Brandon were sat in the car the drive would take about ten proceedings. Luckily it had become instead involved and it was beginning to get dark, the light suffering both Brandon and Beths eyes. Beth rubbed her stomach, she was aware of a pain the came every now and then it was like someone kicking her there. She frowned and brought her hand away slowly. Brandon cast her a cursory glance but focused on the road when he realised she was ok. Beth looked at the clock, it told her that it was 630pm.Tyler checked each of his team again, they were ready, so was Tyler. Mr. Freeman, what time do we leave, sir?, the voice came from the youngest aspect of the men, Tyler reasoned he could be no to a great extent than than twenty-two Ten minutes Tyler said. The new wave was small and the compartment where Tyler and his party were sat had everything, computers, mental picture cameras, and phones. Tyler looked at the machinery and he spotted something. He bent down to see the inclination and he finally realised that it as a walkie-talkie.Tyler grabbed it and noticed many more lay beneath a small cloth, he picked up five and passed them to each man in the group These faculty come in handy said Tyler in an unmoving tone, he attached the bipartite to his belt and checked his watch, it was 640pm. Tyler opened the back door of the forefront Lets go he ordered. The five other men followed Tyler. crosswise the street a car pulled up.Boran was stood still, buns him were the rest of the nest. Stood next to him was the American man, Boran looked at him Matthew, you must protect me. Ok? The American man looked at him and nodded, he looked forward again and shut h is eyes a bead of travailing ran down his face. unity word roared through his mind squealerBeth looked at Brandon and sighed Are you sure this is right? she asked. Brandon smiled Im sure he replied. Brandon looked across at the van parked on the other typeface and frowned Wonder what that is, it looks pretty high-tech Beth shrugged. Brandon sucked in a deep breath his stomach felt like it was somersaulting with nervousness. Beth frowned as a large pain in her stomach came and Brandon looked at her You ok? he asked, Beth looked at him and nodded. She rubbed her stomach, Its probably nothing she told him unconvincingly. The clock on the facia read 642pm Give it a minute said Brandon.Boran felt a front man a single bead of perspiration ran down his head. A knock on the door made him jump and he cursed. Silence. some other knock, Boran raised his hand to silence the already quiet men. Boran heard voices from outside the door and felt nervous. He noticed that some of the men had b e shooter to move, they had been standing for quite a while, Boran clicked his fingers to silence the men again, it worked. Another knock came at the door and Boran felt his left knee begin to shake.The door crashed down and made a huge noise, it was intensified by the echo that it caused. both(prenominal) Boran and Tylers mouths dropped open as they saw each other Masters of the opposite sides Boran said trying to smile and look unafraid. Tyler glared at him Armageddon he whispered. In an instant Tyler raised his hero sandwich and he fired off tercet rounds, the recoil hurting the palm of his hand. The starting biff hit Matthew in the chest and he screamed in agony as the bullet tore through him, he managed to gurgle two words Im sorry, blood began to spill over his lip.The second bullet hit him in the side of his face and Tyler heard the crack of bone then saw his face rip off because of the force of the bullet. The third catch missed and hit the wall blasting a huge hole i n it plaster over and brick flew off in chunks from the wall hitting Boran and some of his followers. Boran, I could kill you so easily. Just one scenery. Tyler chuckled to himself/ Boran felt the angriness rising within him and he clenched his fists until his knuckles turned white with exasperation Tyler, you know what is supposed to happen when the two masters meet, Tyler glared at Boran and finally stated A fight to the death. Boran smiled Thats right Tyler. What Else? Tyler stared at Boran for what seemed be an eternity and managed to say Armageddon.Boran smiled and whispered Who too Tyler? Tyler stared down at the floor To the side that loses Tyler met Borans icy glare But its only hearsay, its never been proven he said this defensively, as if it would make Boran reconsider. Boran slipped off his shoes Tyler, theres only one way to find out. Fight me to the death. Tyler raised his gun and shot at Boran, the shot hit him in the elbow and he bellowed in pain as his lower ar m was ripped away, he fell to the floor gripped his arm, it was pumping blood. Boran screamed one word Attack The entire army ran towards the five men. Tyler was about to fire again when he felt a large hand grip his shoulder, he turned his neck and raised his arm. It smashed the vampire in the face and it fell backwards.Tyler turned around and raised his sword, he brought it down with an amazing force on to the vampires head. Tyler heard the satisfying crack of bone and felt the blood of the vampire hit his face. He ripped the sword out of the vampires skull and swung it around him, it hit some other vampire and chopped it completely off at the waist, the legs remained upright for a second then fell into a heap on the floor. Tyler jumped into the shadows and gripped the two-way. He press the small button on the side of it. Tyler spoke calmly into it Requesting musical accompaniment in Caldicot Road warehouse.Quickly, this is a code blue emergency, there was a hiss of static then a voice from the other end Ok Tyler, I got that. oer and out. Tyler clipped the two-way back on to his belt and reached for his gun. He could hear the gunshot of his partners. At least they arent dead yet muttered Tyler. The gun was light and Tyler looked at it, he knew the expert specs of the gun very well and eventually found the button he sought. He pushed it and smiled, the gun was programmed to rapid-fire. Tyler stood up and raised the gun. He pulled and held the trigger.Brandon and Beth heard the gunshot from the warehouse and looked at each other. Brandon placed the make back in the ignition and started it up. Beth locked her door she looked out of the window and saw mint outpouring from the gunfire yet no eubstance ran out of the warehouse. The deafening sound of gunfire drowned out the sound of screams and Beth closed her eyes, trying to ignore the sounds. The car began moving and Beth felt a sharp pain in her stomach, was it a warning to go back? She ignored it and th e car drove on.Tyler felt the recoil of the gun against the palm of his hand. He gritted his teeth and shut his eyes. He moved the gun from side to side hoping it was hitting something. Tyler heard the click of the gun wake that the magazine was empty. Tyler quickly ducked and slammed in another one. Immediately he stood up and began ignition again. Bodies were scattered across the floor and blood was spattered on the walls and ceiling, it was pumping from the bullet-ridden bodies oozing on to the floor. Tyler heard screams in the distance but kept his finger pulled down on the trigger. Tyler felt the gun stop ardor and ducked back into the shadows, he reloaded but stayed down for a second this time. He heard sirens in the distance and smiled.Boran had managed to get away and now he stood in the dingy infirmary wrapping what remained of his arm. Boran saw a rat scuttle across the sordid floor of the infirmary. Boran rubbed the perspiration from his pale face. Was it over, or wa s it just beginning? Boran clenched his only fist and swiped at the mirror that was in the room, as it cracked he saw the room reflected at least twelve times, but no reflection. Boran walked out of the room, sweat was soaking his back and armpits. One word raced through his mind and refused to leave. Armageddon.The firing had stopped the agonising wails of pain had stopped. Tyler came up from the shadows and saw twelve men it was the back up team. Hey guys. They all dead? Tyler pointed in the direction of one of the vampires. The twelve men of the backup team looked at Tyler Hey Tyler, what the hell happened here? Tyler looked at the men What does it look like? Silence. Tyler looked at the spot where Boran had been lying Oh Christ he murmured. Tyler heard the massive crash of the door and raised his gun. He fired three rounds at the figure that stood in the brink and each shot hit it. The figure began walking towards Tyler. Finally the dim light spread across the beings face Boran Tyler muttered. Boran smiled how-dye-do Tyler he whispered.Tyler threw his gun away Fine, a fight to the death Both men ran at each other and as Boran lashed out with one powerful fist Tyler fell to the floor, ducking from the fatal blow. Boran cursed and stopped himself from running. Tyler pulled himself up and grabbed one of the wooden steaks from his belt. Tyler heard Boran running up asshole him and shut his eyes tight. In one swift movement Tyler was up and had spun his consentaneous ashes round, the wooden steak came around in his hand, it ripped through Borans skin, muscle and bone and finally pierced his heart.Boran felt one present moment of searing pain and then it subsided to nothingness, Boran could feel himself slipping away in to unconsciousness.In to death.Boran opened his mouth and blood began to trickle from it, running down his chin and splashing on the floor, like tiny crimson pools. Boran try to speak but found it almost impossible, he could only focus on one word. He coughed up more blood and tried to speak again AAr. Tyler glared at him coldly and finally whispered Armageddon.Darkness enveloped the earth it was like the entire world had been covered by a huge blanket. People stared up in both disbelief and fear. Vampires all over began to fall, wither away and slide in to oblivion, into an eternal sleep. The darkness seemed to grow greater and an icy wind ran mantles through the intellect of everybody. The darkness seemed impenetrable.The body of Boran fell to the ground and Tyler opened his own eyes. An icy chill ran through him. It was over. Weve won. The world is ours. The twelve men looked at each other confusedly, not understanding what Tyler was saying. Tyler looked outside and the darkness began to dissipate, blue skies took over the world again.The darkness worn out(p) away into nothingness. One thought was on Tylers mind. Who had sent him the note? The thought hit Tyler suddenly and he gasped. He bent down at the body of Boran and pushed his hand in to Borans bloodied pocket. Nothing. Tyler walked over to Matthew and searched his pockets inside one of the trouser pockets was note, it was written in blood Tyler smiled at the words scrawled on it.I AM A TRAITOR. I AM SORRY-ANON.Tyler knew it was the same man. The guy had been a right hand man and a traitor. Tyler laughed. The man who he had first shot and killed had actually helped him. Tyler heard movement behind him and raised his gun, ready to fire. The members of his own party came from the shadows Hey Sir. We dived back here when you nearly shot us. Sorry. Tyler laughed and walked off. One word boomed through Tylers mind. Armageddon.The body of Beth Cole lay on the in operation(p) table. She, like many others had died when the darkness had come. Beth was different though. She had been pregnant. When the doctors had found her a case had interpreted place, Beth was hooked up to a feel support machine to keep her blow alive. Although her brain was dead technology could keep her body working normally. She had been lying on the bed for two months and the doctors had taken tests that showed the minor would be perfect.The tests had proved to be right, the mishandle had been born less than thirty minutes ago and it was fine. Beth Cole had given fork out to a perfectly healthy fry boy. The doctors were stood around Beths bed waiting for the leaders doctor to pull the plug that would stop her body from working, finally he did. The body of Beth Cole was taken the morgue. Her cocker lay in his incubator waiting for attention. to a greater extent tests needed to be run on him and he could not wait for those to be completed. He was thirsty and wanted only one thing, he wanted to taste the sweet flavour of human blood. The baby began to cry.