Charles Darwins Religious Beliefs - 2647 Words

Term Paper: Throughout history, many have inquired into Charles Darwin’s religious beliefs and have come up with a wide variety of answers. Why are his personal beliefs important when dealing with a matter of science that Darwin researched? Darwin excluded the question of a Creator from his works because it was irrelevant to his scientific research, and the debate regarding Darwin’s faith arises due to his conflicting accounts of his personal faith as well as the way his early childhood and teenage years shaped his religious views at different times and provided a foundation for his revolutionary research. The source of much controversy in Darwin’s faith arises in his account of his upbringing. Charles Darwin was born February 12th,†¦show more content†¦57). Through statements like these, it is clear that while at one point Darwin clearly held strong religious beliefs, but those changed. As part of the university curriculum, he read a few books on divinity as well as three of William Paley’s works, including Natural Theology. In his comments on reading Paley’s work, he writes, â€Å"the logic of this book [Evidences] and as I may add of his Natural Theology gave me as much delight as did Euclid† and goes on to explain â€Å"I did not at that time trouble myself about Paley’s premises; and taking these on trust I was charmed and convinced by the long line of argumentation† (Darwin, p. 59). From these statements, it is clear that Darwin appreciated Paley’s â€Å"line of argumentation† and â€Å"logic† and might therefore try to use similar techniques when writing his own theories in the future. Throughout his university career, both at Edinburgh and at Cambridge, Darwin continued to receive offers to explore and go on expeditions with various mentors, colleagues, and teachers. On these trips, he collected marine animals from tidal pools (Darwin, p. 50), worked stuffing birds as an apprentice (Darwin, p. 51), and went on a voyage documenting fossils with Adam Sedgwick (Darwin, p. 70), among other excursions. He also developed an extensive collection of beetles and developed a system of capturing and documentingShow MoreRelatedThe Contribution of the Discoveries and Theories of Charles Darwin in the Nineteenth Century to the Decline of Religious Belief in the Twentieth Centu586 Words   |  3 PagesContribution of the Discoveries and Theories of Charles Darwin in the Nineteenth Century to the Decline of Religious Belief in the Twentieth Century In Victorian England, people wanted answers. Explanations for unusual natural events were becoming unbelievable in an increasingly educated time, and these religious and supernatural explanations were doubted by many. People needed a sensible explanation for life and mans existence. Charles Darwin provided a possible answer, and manRead MoreThe Aspects Of Darwin s Life851 Words   |  4 Pageslife/personal experiences/beliefs that you believed were most influential to him and explain how. Charles Darwin contributed much of his beliefs to the understanding of science, despite the adversities he had to overcome. Significantly, Charles was motivated intrinsically by his curiosity, since he lived during a time when science strictly clung to the bible. The aspects of differing religious views were most influential in Darwin’s life, personal experiences, and beliefs. Darwin came from an AnglicanRead MoreCharles Darwin s Theory Of Evolution1173 Words   |  5 Pages It is time to start believing. Evolutionary theories were first proposed by Charles Darwin in the 19th century, and 150 years later, these ideas are still being studied and proven today. Charles Darwin set the basis for these discoveries. Natural Selection and survival of the fittest are two examples of evolution. Charles Darwin once exclaimed, â€Å"It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one that is the most adaptable to change.† T hisRead MoreThe Science Of Math And Science By Mathematical And Experimental Proof1144 Words   |  5 Pageswere even deemed blasphemous through their beliefs or teachings. Two men, born and raised in religious and still skeptic times were Renà © Descartes and Charles Darwin who, with their most â€Å"infamous† books, â€Å"The Mediation† and â€Å"the Origin of Species† would create chaos in the minds of religious believers at the time but, in the long-run, would be considered to be true and deemed to have a major impact how humans handle situations in today’s non-religious world. The father of modern philosophy, Renà ©Read MoreSummary Of The Documentary, Darwins Dangerous Idea 836 Words   |  4 Pagesdocumentary, â€Å"Darwin’s Dangerous Idea† tells the story of Charles Darwin’s conception of his theory of natural selection, and how it explains the evolutionary process and species adaptation. The story begins with a brief overview of his 5-year stint on the HMS Beagle as the ships naturalist, during her South American voyage. The film shows how Mr. Darwin collected fossils and many species of animals and birds from many different regions especially the Galapagos Islands. It portrays Mr. Darwin’s returnRead MoreHow Did Life Start?1696 Words   |  7 Pagesthought and time, Charles Darwin expressed his answer in the form of a book. When Darwin wrote The Origin of Species, it was a product of its time; remarkably over 150 later it is still a substantial read. To understand the jaw dropping response of Charles Darwin’s Origi n of Species, one must take a look at the current world around Darwin’s publication. In 1859, The Origin of Species was published by John Murray. Murray was a well-known publisher who aided in the title of Darwin’s book. In fact, Murray’sRead MoreThe Origin of Species1246 Words   |  5 Pagesform, commonly called the Theory of Evolution.(Kennedy Pg.572) The book titled On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life was written by an English naturalist and geologist, Charles Darwin, and it overcame the scientific rejection that earlier similar theories had faced. Leading up to his publication during the Protestant Reformation Darwin went on a five-year-long voyage on the HMS Beagle as company to Captain Robert FitzRoyRead MoreBiography of Charles Darwin 884 Words   |  4 Pages Charles Darwin can easily be recognized as a pure genius. In his lifetime, he single-handedly changed the way we see the world. His theories led to the study of the modern evolutionary theory of the world . Charles was a collector of plants, animals, and other specimens. From an early age, Charles had an immense love for nature, which started his career as a scientist. His trip to the Galapagos Islands forever changed his life and reputation. His two famous works were the Origin of Species and theRead MoreEssay on Biography of Charles Darwin1365 Words   |  6 PagesCharles Darwin was a British scientist who laid the foundation of modern evolutionary theory with his concept of the development of all forms of life through the slow-working process of natural selection. His work was of major influence on the life and earth sciences and on modern thought in general. Darwin was born in 1809 in Shrewsbury, a small market town in Shropshire, England. His wealthy physician father was the son of Erasmus Darwin who had written Laws of Organic Life. His mother was theRead MoreCharles Darwin s Impact On The Scientific Community1478 Words   |  6 PagesCharles Darwin is one the most influential scientists in our history. Without his speculation and theories on evolution, the way we look at evolution today may have been very misguided. Darwin created new ideas and theories that dramatically changed the way we see science today. His impact on the scientific community was both exciting yet controversial. Charles Darwin was born in Shrewsbury, England on February 12 in the year 1809. His parents were Susannah and Robert Darwin (BBC, 2015). While

Female And Female Athletes - 1463 Words

The scoreboard does not recognize if the conquered points are achievements of male or female athletes, then why does Canadian society? Sports include any activity which requires physically exercising a skill by competing against another party for the purpose of entertainment. This paraphrased definition does not specify if sports are better suited for males or females, yet there remains to be debate present over the equality - or lack thereof - enjoyed by females in Canadian sports. Not only are female athletes extremely under-represented in the media, they are also given fewer opportunities in comparison to their male counterparts. With evidence through studies, there is little room for argument regarding the validity of gender inequality†¦show more content†¦The problem here extends even further to the fact that most of sports editors and authors are male. The inequality present in Canadian athletics is not new; it has been noted that between the years 1954 to 1987, 90.8% of Sports Illustrated articles were of discriminatory nature and tended to focus on white male athletes by writing lengthy articles and consequently resulting in shorter and biased articles for females and black athletes. With restraints from the media - an important medium of athletic information for the public and sports scouts - females have faced a difficult past in regards to successfully promoting their achievements and careers. Furthermore, it has been noted that females are more often to be considered for coverage if they were participating in aesthetic sports, rather than men. There are many specific instances through which gender inequality can be analyzed. It has been advertised by many university athletic departments that there is a comparable number of stories in news releases for both men and women; however, the news releases on the men’s team were usually longer. One may assume that teams that were more successful deserved more detailed and thoroughly reviewed coverage, yet the men’s and women’s basketball teams had similar records. In explicit contrast with basketball teams, ice hockey teams in Canada appear to promote, publicize and celebrate men’s teams more than women’s teams. Without significant recognition for

All That Matters free essay sample

When we think of diversity, we commonly think of a various medley of races and ethnicities to make a population, as it were, diverse. However, in my life, Ive defined diversity as not only such a mix, but also to include those with disabilities physical and mental. My only sibling, my brother Seena, was born one year, seven months and five days after I was. And while that fact in and of itself does not seem to hold any value, any significance, I do think it begins to make more sense when I add this: At the age of three, Seena was diagnosed with autism. Over fifteen years ago, my mother gave birth to her first and only son. He was as quiet as his older sister was talkative, and as unresponsive as she was clever. And three years after he was born, to the uncompromising shock but not complete surprise of my parents, Seena was diagnosed with the disability that would forever shape not only his life, but ours as well. Growing up, I accepted unconditionally that Seena was to be largely my responsibility. That is not to say that my parents abandoned him to me and expected me to raise him. Quite the opposite, in fact. My mother spent countless hours working with him, even returning to school to get her Masters and eventually her Ph.D. in Special Education. My father designed a computer called the Learning Station to further aid children with disabilities; for a while he also taught martial arts to them. No, by largely my responsibility, I mean that I realized that when I was old enough past college, past marriage, past, well, everything at the end of the day, Seena was going to come home to me. I believe that when I was younger, my parents feared I would reject my brother as one of my friends in a similar situation appeared to do to her own autistic brother. They placed me in a sibling group for siblings of children with disabilities and encouraged me to be an active participant in my brothers therapy and upbringing. Of course, in retrospect, I realize that my childhood has driven me to dedicate my life to somehow helping children like Seena. As I outgrew the weekly sibling group sessions which now I realize were meant to act as some sort of a group therapy that I ended up going to just to have fun my mother searched for a way to further involve me and my brother in the world we were growing up in. He started to attend therapeutic recreation, TREC a program for children with special needs at a local day camp. This is where I started my habit of volunteering. Id go after I was done with my own camp to help out with children. Later, when I began volunteering for the Summer Reading Program at the library across the street, I used the skills I learned with children at TREC not only to help the normal ones that passed through daily, but also any exceptional child and his or her family as well. (Fondly, I remember meeting one mother with a young autistic son who was so eager to find someone who was familiar with autism that she learned my work schedule and came whenever was my shift.) But, as when I was younger with the sibling group, I have long outgrown TREC at the day camp. Afterwards, I spent my time at a non-profit almost day-care-like organization called Tuesdays Child with the same results. Every year since my seventh grade, my brother and I have attended Camp SOAR he as a camper and myself as a counselor. Of course, the question comes, What is it?, to which, every time, I just point to whatever SOAR regalia I happen to be wearing. Special Outdoor Adaptive Recreation. Huh? Special Outdoor Adaptive Recreation that describes this camp in a nutshell. SOAR is a weekend or weeklong (depending on what time of year) camp that provides a one-on-one counselor to an exceptional child. At SOAR, Ive encountered kids with mild cognitive impairments to severe intellectual and physical disabilities to you guessed it a variety of children with the Autism Spectrums Disorders. Just this last year, my friend was counselor to a boy with Downs Syndrome, another friend to a child with mild autism, and myself a twelve-year-old boy with the cognitive abilities and mental capacity of a two-year-old. And no, thats not exaggeration, it was in his file. Inevitably, people ask why I return every year. They want to understand how after all the stories I tell for there is always at least one kid who makes you want to never return to camp ever again I still return. To that, every time, I can only sit back and smile. How do you explain the look of gratitude on the face of a parent who gets a one week break from the kid they dedicate their lives to, only to return at the end with such relief? How can you explain the counselor bonding over the way we tried to teach one kid how to crank dat and another a handshake? How do you explain that even as I sat there, near tears over a child who soiled his diaper over three times a day when he was supposedly potty trained, I still couldnt wait until the next year? Lets lay it on the line: Ive grown up in Chicago. SOAR is full of suburbians, where Im usually the only real city-slicker. There seems nothing to connect us through our different spheres and lives. But if theres one thing the camp has taught me, its that no matter who you are or where you came from, youll still wake up the next week at home and wonder why, after being so used to waking up at three AM to the repetitive sounds that your camper makes, he or she let you sleep the whole night through. In other words, we can put aside our differences long enough to let these kids have fun for a week. And you know what? It works. Somehow, something about these kids draws us back in every year. Not even a full week back from my latest visit, I had two dreams with my latest camper in them. Things like that and the pictures, and the videos, and the imitations of the kids that we all end up doing while were up hanging out at eleven oclock at night draw me back. Hearing my little brother say hes going to Camp SOAR every year with that silly grin plastered on his face draws me back. I suppose there is something to be said about human compassion and our ability to love. Even though my first camper made me cry as I called for my parents to pleaseohpleaseohplease come pick me up I cant take it!, I still came back, because I knew there would be another child who was as excited as Seena, another parent who would sit at home for a week and wonder how their child is doing instead of taking a break. Undoubtedly, I will return next year, and the year after that. Its not just a matter of seeing the people I see once a year who I have a bond with that I dont with any of the people I see at school. Its reaching out to the kids who have been such a large part of my life for well, the entirety of it. Its seeing them smile even as they say goodbye. Its the, But seriously dude I MISS ADDISON text messages that I get at midnight. Its the feeling of waking up to the noise of nothingness and wondering why its not three in the morning. Its the knowledge that maybe, somehow, Ive made a difference for even that short period of time in the life of a child I know Ill see back next year. It would be wrong of me to say that these kids shouldnt be cured. But I suppose, I should give a more stringent definition to such a situation. To the parents of children who cannot walk, who cannot feed themselves, who are fifteen and not yet toilet trained; to the families of children whose disabilities do not allow them a good quality of life, I say, let us go and find something to help that child. Let us together search for something that will ease the difficulties in not only their lives but yours as well. To these families, whose every day is another battle for their child, I applaud their constant search and struggle, their desire to find something to make the quality of life for their child better. But to the families like mine, to the parents whose child is happy and has a good quality of life, to the siblings who watch their brother and/or sister grow in spite of the disability that holds them back, I say, quite bluntly, forget the cure. Give me a magic potion that could make Seena normal and Id smack you in the face. Because I will never forget Seenas smile as he sees my parents for the first time in a week after camp. Because he, like the other children who are able to thrive despite their disability, is happy. Because his and the other childrens disabilities are just that in name. Despite their labels, these children are not disabled. Rather, they are part of the mosaic that makes our society diverse. In a world such as ours, where in the first time in the history of our nation does an African-American man have a chance as president, and before him, a woman as well, appreciation for diversity is ever-so-slowly becoming the norm. But, growing up in an ethnic family, with a n exceptional child for a younger brother, I think it is important to realize that others who are diverse are not so different from any of us after all. Seena responds to love with affection and to nastiness with unhappiness; he laughs and sings and smiles a lot. He likes chicken nuggets and fries and rice, and loves the computer and gets a kick out of Disney. So, just because hes labeled as Autistic doesnt mean hes not human. If we can understand and appreciate the diversity that all people, including exceptional children, offer us, I believe that the world would be a more unified, happier place. Spend a day in the company of an exceptional child and I think youll begin to understand. And in the end, thats all that really matters.

Investigating radioactive decay using coins Essay Example

Investigating radioactive decay using coins Essay Research question: Does our radioactive modeling with coins illustrate radioactive decay? Hypothesis: I believe that it is possible to illustrate radioactive decay by trying to model it using coins. Radioactive decay is a random process and is not affected by external conditions. This means that there is no way of knowing whether or not a nucleus is going to decay within a certain period of time. However, due to the large numbers of atoms involved we can make some accurate predictions. For example, if we start with a given number of atoms then we can expect a certain number to decay in the next minute. If there were more atoms in the sample, we would expect the number decaying to be larger. As a result the rate of decay of a sample is directly proportional to the number of atoms in the sample. This proportionality means that radioactive decay is an exponential process. As a result, I believe that we can model radioactive decay using coins because by chance we should get half of the coins left each time which is exactly what half-life is. We will write a custom essay sample on Investigating radioactive decay using coins specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Investigating radioactive decay using coins specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Investigating radioactive decay using coins specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Variables: Independent variable: I am not sure about this one because I dont really think there is an independent variable in this investigation because we arent changing anything other than the number of parent coins every time we throw them. Dependant variable: Similarly, there is no real dependant variable due to the fact that there is no independent variable. Controlled Variables: Despite the fact that we cannot really identify any independent and dependant variables there are several variables that we should control. First of all, the drop height must be kept the same in all experiments and this can be done by using a rule to measure the height each time. Also the type of coins and the surface which the coins hit must be kept the same. Method of experiment: 1. Find a place where there is plenty of area so that the coins can bounce off freely. (Remember the surface must be kept the same). 2. Drop the 32 coins of the one type (lets call them parent coins) on a flat surface. 3. Count and remove all of the parent coins which are head-side up- these have decayed, 4. Replace the head-side up coins with the same number of the other type of coin ( lets call them the daughter coins) you are using. 5. Record the number of parent and daughter coins you have onto a chart and repeat the process until no parent coin is left. Method of Collecting Data: 1. In order to get accurate results do your experiment about three times and then do an average. Data Collection and Processing Data collection: Tables showing the number of parent and daughter coins at each step (Trial 1) Data presentation: Now in order to answer my research question it is vital that we draw a graph because if the graph illustrates an exponential decay curve then it would support my theory that you can in fact model radioactive decay but if it doesnt illustrate an exponential curve then it wouldnt support my theory. Conclusion and Evaluation Conclusion: In essence, the results support my theory that it is possible to model radioactive decay using coins. From the first graph we can clearly see that we have an exponential graph which is what radioactive decay is due to the fact that the rate of decay of a sample is directly proportional to the number of atoms in the sample. The other graph serves to illustrate that as the decay of the radioactive parent nuclei occurs, there is an increase in the stable daughter nuclei. Speaking about errors in this modeling exercise is very hard because this isnt really an experiment. All we are really doing is throwing coins onto a flat surface and looking at the outcome i. e. the number of head-side up parent coins. Systematic errors couldnt have occurred because we arent using any instruments to measure anything. The only random error that could have occurred would be us missing one of the head-side up coins and not removing it when we had to. Evaluation: Again because this isnt an experiment in which we have a definite independent variable and a dependant variable, there are no real weaknesses or limitations that occurred. The only weakness I can think of is that this modeling exercise relies a lot on chance. In other words, it just might have been so that not approximately half of the coins were taken of each time. It would have been a total mess if for example the first few tries only 1 coin is head-side up and then after lets say the 5th try all of them come up as head-side up. That would totally mess all the results and wouldnt support the theory of radioactivity. Other than that I cannot think of any weaknesses. Improvements: Thinking of realistic improvement for this modeling exercise isnt possible because it is a modeling exercise and not an experiment. However, it never hurts to take more trial perhaps- 10 trials and then taking averages. This would give more accurate results but then again because this experiment relies too much on chance, doing 10 trials might make the results even worse. Another improvement can be is to use much more coins, for example a hundred coins. This gives a greater possibility to monitor radioactive decay. I am sorry that I couldnt do all experiments but as you know we- the chemists- also had to do chemistry investigations and therefore we didnt have enough time to do all the experiments.

Calvin College Essay Essay Example

Calvin College Essay Essay I have a vision of what my college experience will look like. It is a montage of college scenes pulled from books, movies, and my university tours. I see guitar-accompanied picnics and Converse sneakers crunching through leaves on a sidewalk. I see countless chai lattes turning into empty cups during late night essay writing, during which I’m simply adorned in a hoodie and headphones. I see the magic bond that forms between two nervous freshmen roommates as they spontaneously belt out a song in tune with the radio. When I walked through the picturesque Calvin campus, I could truly envision myself in Converse sneakers on my way to conquer an essay with a chai latte and headphones at the ready. I don’t know whether college will look like that or not, but I hope to balance the challenges and rigors of learning, with enthusiasm and a sense of community. I hope that I will have the opportunity to love life, and show love toward others, at Calvin. I am drawn to the intimate campus and dedicated staff at Calvin College because it reminds me of the school in which I grew up. We will write a custom essay sample on Calvin College Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Calvin College Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Calvin College Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Rudolf Steiner is a small, unique school that has encouraged me to explore, pursue my passions everyday, show responsibility toward my community, and have a familial relationship with my peers. I was encouraged to appreciate music, art, travel, language, and to revel in the triumphs that are possible when a community comes together to share their gifts and talents. It is this creative spirit and sense of loyalty that I hope to bring to Calvin. I want to grow in character as well as in my academics. I want to feel inspired, and to inspire others. Film is my passion and it is my goal to capture enchanting moments, from the purity of a dance silhouetted by a melting sunset, to the quiet elegance of an artist who is surrounded by the bustle of life and yet completely alone with a sketchbook. For me, there are few things more satisfying than being able to portray to my friends the love and beauty that I see in them. I also hope to utilize skills and ideas learned in my Youth Leadership Team experience, and apply them to my Calvin experience. On my church Mission Trip, I was moved by the verse Timothy 4:12 regarding youth and behavior, which is good advice for college students. I am committed to embracing the weightlessness of my youth, while setting a strong and noble example in character. This is what I hope to continue at Calvin. I know that college will be full of challenges and that it may not match my cinematic depiction. I am confident, however, that if I keep my friends close, pursue my passions, and stay in touch with my faith, I will carve out a future that inspires me and touches others in a positive way.

The Apology & Euthphro essays

The Apology & Euthphro essays The Apology is a description of the speech given by Socrates at his trial. He was put on trial for not recognizing the gods, inventing new gods, and corrupting the people of Athens. Although the title of this work is The Apology, it doesnt seem to me like hes really apologizing. Hes simply explaining himself. The account that Socrates gives to the court is that his behavior comes from a prophecy given to him by the Oracle at Apollo, whom said he was the wisest of all men. He then interpreted that hes only wiser then other wise men because he knows that he knows nothing. He questioned other wise men in Athens, exposing their false wisdom, and embarrassing them greatly. Socrates sticks by his beliefs, and defends the way he has chosen to live. He acknowledges his own ignorance, and therefore cannot take himself too seriously. This comes off as a serious insult to the court, since none of them consider themselves ignorant, and Socrates believes ignorance is a type of wisdom. When Socrates gets the chance to cross examine Meletus, he embarrasses him over and over again. He intentionally asks questions which cause Meletus to contradict himself. Even though Socrates proves his point during the trial, he is still sentenced to death. This piece is an encounter Socrates has with Euthyphro outside the court in Athens. Euthyphro is there to prosecute his father for unintentionally killing an insane farm hand. Socrates then commends, saying that Euthyphro must be very knowledgeable in matters concerning religious if hes so willing to prosecute his own father on such a questionable charge. Euthyphro agrees that he knows all that is to be known about what is holy. The obviously sparks the interest of Scorates, and he asks to be taught. As the lesson goes on, Socrates manages to pick apart each definition Euthyphro provides. This frustrates Euthyphr ...

New IT Technologies Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

New IT Technologies Paper - Essay Example 1. New IT technologies - strengths and weaknesses 1a. Fiber Internet connection A Fiber Internet connection is based on the use of fiber optics instead of a cable. This mode of Internet connection has become quite popular as it is related to a series of advantages, as these advantages are described in a report published by HubTechInsider (2009): a) the bandwidth of such Internet connection is significantly higher than the traditional, cable, Internet connection, b) the fiber optics used in such Internet connection can be replaced offering even higher bandwidth, as available by Internet providers worldwide, c) the performance of fiber optics is not affected by electromagnetic signals; d) there is no way, or at least it is quite difficult, for accessing the data transmitted through a fiber Internet connection; the security risks related to fiber Internet connection are quite limited. In addition to the above, the fiber Internet connection offers to its users extremely high speed of con nection (Fibre Noire 2012). On the other hand, fiber Internet connection has a series of disadvantages, which are also highlighted in the report of HubTechInsider (2009): a) the cost for installing such Internet connection can be high, b) the fiber Internet connection requires the use of specific equipment which may not be always available; c) the fiber used in the fiber Internet connection can be easily destroyed either during the connection’s installation or during the works for recovering/ maintaining the connection; indeed, fiber optics do not have the physical strength of cable, a fact that it is considered as the major disadvantage of the specific material. It has been also proved that fiber Internet connection can be used only when the distance that the signal transmitted has to cover is short (Fiber Store 2012). 1b. Cloud Computing Cloud computing is based on the use of a central database both for data storage and for data processing (Wang 2013). In this way, the acce ss to data is feasible even from distance (Wang 2013). Cloud computing is considered as a significant evolution in IT. The use of this technology in practice has revealed its strengths and weaknesses. The strengths of cloud computing should be highlighted, as described in the study of Viswanathan (2013): a) the cost of using and maintaining such system can be quite low, b) no limits exist in regard to the system’s capacity; c) in case of the system’s damage, the data stored in the central database can be easily retrieved; in traditional databases restoring data after a system’s damage is often impossible, d) it is quite easy for any registered user to access the system’s central database; the easiness in accessing data is considered as a major advantage of this system, compared to traditional databases. However, according to Roberts & Norwood (2013) Cloud computing has also certain disadvantages: a) there is no direct control on the cloud; actually, the s ystem is under the full control of the host company; failure in choosing a reliable host company can set the data stored in the cloud in critical risk (Roberts & Norwood 2013), b) the cloud is fully developed, and available, online; this means that all information stored in the cloud can be accessed online by unauthorized persons (Roberts & Norwood 2013); c) in case of the system’s failure, support can be problematic (Roberts & Norwoo

Leadership and Use of Motivation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Leadership and Use of Motivation - Term Paper Example Rewards, punishments, better work environment, opportunity for growth or further learning etc are some of the motivating factors of the employees. Leaders should identify these factors well and use it judiciously to motivate the employees positively. This paper analyses leadership and use of motivation by leaders. Leadership and use of motivation According to Dr. Northouse (2009), â€Å"Leadership is a process by which an individual influence a group of individuals to achieve a common goal† (Dr. Northouse, 2009, p.3). On the other hand, Gould & Voelker, (2010) defined leadership as a â€Å"complex process that involves the effort of an individual to help groups identify and achieve personal and group goals† (Gould & Voelker, 2010, p.2). It is easy for people to become leaders; but it is difficult to become effective leaders. Leadership is a complex task which requires specific skills such as decision making, problems solving, planning etc. However, the most important ch aracteristic of effective leadership is the ability to motivate the subordinates. Leaders use different strategies to motivate subordinates and to derive the maximum out of them. According to psychology today â€Å"Motivation is literally the desire to do things† (Psychology today, 2011). In fact motivation is a force which destroys the employee inertia to stay in their inactive stage. It helps employees to break their idleness and to work more enthusiastically. Motivation can be classified into two categories; intrinsic and extrinsic. Intrinsic motivation is the motivation driven by inherent characteristics whereas extrinsic motivation is the motivation driven by external factors. Effective leaders will use strategies necessary to motivate subordinates both intrinsically and extrinsically. One of the popular motivation theory used by leaders is Theory of X and theory of Y. This theory emphasizes the different attitudes of people towards their duties and responsibilities. The ory X says that generally human being has an inherent dislike towards work. â€Å"Because of this inherent dislike of work, most people must be coerced, controlled, directed, or threatened so as to induce them to put forth enough effort so as to meet their goals and get their work done† (Furst, 2009). Rewards and punishments are some of the strategies used by leaders to motivate people in the X category. On the other hand people in Y category believe that work is natural just like play or rest. Leaders can motivate such people easily since their attitude towards work is positive. The needs of the people are different because of the different environment in which they live. Some people may have enough financial abilities and they may like recognition more than anything else in their professional life. On the other hand some others may not have enough financial abilities and such people may like financial rewards more than anything else. Work atmosphere is another aspect which motivates the employees. Nobody wants to work in a hostile atmosphere. Everybody wants to work under a peaceful atmosphere. Even if the organization provides, better salaries, such people may not like the organization if it provides a hostile or aggressive work environment. Leaders should be capable enough to realize all these things well and to use their motivation strategies judiciously. In short, it is the duty of the leaders to realize what motivate a particular subordinate. The drive to acquire is an inherent need for majority of the humans. It is difficult to see an

He media present news differently depending on the ideology of each Term Paper

He media present news differently depending on the ideology of each company - Term Paper Example is a hint of consistently presenting news stories in a certain way, or favorable to a particular viewpoint, or how the news is slanted to fit a political agenda or the wishes of the owners but often never to give the news straight to the viewers, readers, and the consuming public the news as it is. The general perception is that most journalists hold left-of-center views on a number of social issues such as abortion, gay rights, gun rights, affirmative action, race issues, and environmental issues, to name just a few. Even the selection and exclusion of news stories can reflect this bias. Media outlets and news organizations are composed of people; it is the perception most journalists generally hold liberal or progressive (leftist) views on a good number of social issues as mentioned above, but are more conservative when it comes to economic issues, and with a majority of them holding the centrist position when it comes to political orientations. In other words, majority of media organizations have left-of-center leanings not mainly because of any or conscious intention of being left on the political spectrum but it just happened by a coincidence most like-minded individuals ended up choosing the same profession which is in the news room. Whatever, the attitudes of journalists are reflected in their news coverage to a liberal direction. The way a media organization presents the news can be illustrated by its coverage of big news events. An example of this was the just-recently concluded Asian tour of President Obama which took him to four countries, namely Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, and the Philippines. It is a revealing way by which a news media outlet presents this particular news coverage and its own interpretation of its significance to American global supremacy, especially on foreign policies. A careful reading of the news story in a particular media outlet and the background of that outlet will show how its coverage, opinion, and presentation of that

New Zealands Disability and Aging Policies and Practices

New Zealands Disability and Aging Policies and Practices Task four: Comparing international developments to New Zealand’s policies and practices in relation to disability and aging. 4.1. Policies on disability and aging 4.1.1. International policies on disability Canada Council for Canadians with disability has provide support for disabled and assist them as they find difficulties when living in society or finding the job or any educational. As follow several committee : Transportation committee International development committee Human rights committee Social policy committee The sociopolitical model concerned with human rights in the 1970s as they focus to reduce the barrier of environment, any other negative thought toward people with disability from social community. The Canadian government promote the policies and support independent living for people with disability such as services, transportation and housing and make more flexible for these people. According to the International model of Human Rights , people with disability also have all the normal rights as a citizen and it is existing under the law for the disabled people. Australia In Australia, the two Commonwealth policies and important that related to disability are Disability Services Act 1986 and the Disability Discrimination Act 1992, they all provide the rights for the disability. The Disability Services Act(DSA) 1986: The act based on the handicapped program review that the commonwealth initiated 1983. There are some action of the legislation provide the services for people with disability into the society( Baume Kay 1995): Providing more flexible and more responsive to the needs for disabled people. Assist disabled people gets services and they can work in the community with full participation. Provide service to people with disability that they can achieve the positive outcomes such as become more independent, more opportunity for employment in the community. Considering the outcome achieved of the disabled people as they are taken into account of financial for these services. Innovation in the provision of service for people with disability should be encouraged. The disability discrimination act 1992: the act related to social justice for disabled in Australia. The act is aim to protect the interest of people with disability who has experience of discrimination in public and private service. There are some action of the act: The disabled people has the same rights when they are in the community Within the community principle that people with disability have the same fundamental rights. Providing the law by commonwealth program as the discrimination against the person on the ground of the disability in the education , work, accommodation. New Zealand The New Zealand strategy for people with disability introduced to the New Zealand government to promote a more inclusive society for people with disability as they can get respect in social community. In addition, guideline the government implement about provide support service for people with disability and some others attitude and behaviour from society toward them. The government department and others government agencies need to consider to people with disability before making decision. The strategy and policies Non-disabling society should be encouraged and educate as they need to respect and highly values the lives to disable people. People in society should perceived the rights for people with disability as they can implement their rights fully. Considering education for disable people, as they can develop their skills and educational centre which can help them participate in society. Giving and providing opportunities economic and employment for disable people in accordance with human rights and maintain adequate income. In the case, disable Maori and pacific people should be considered as promote participation. Providing support the lifestyle choice and culture for people with disability. Also support for quality living in the community for disable people as they can feel comfortable while living in that community. Foster leadership by disable people as encourage them to making decision, acknowledge and strengthen of the leadership for them on this issue. Long-term support system centred need to create on individual: making sure the quality assessment and service deliver is centred for disable people . Foster an aware and responsive public service: make sure that government agencies, public service are aware the responsive for people with disability. Comparison Similarities : In all three countries, the policies focus on how to delivery good support toward to the disabled people in any angle such as environment, educational, employment and social community. Differences Canada: Policy concern about system support for the disabled people as encourage them participate in social’s life. Australia : The government involved the aspect and concentrated to the educational discrimination for people with disability. New Zealand: The government à ­ not only focus on the European in New Zealand, they also concern toward to Maori and Pacific people who are living with disability 4.1.2. International policies on aging Canada There are several programmes focus on provide the financial of healthcare for the elderly as well as concentrate to support service policies for the older people. Canada pension plan provide the security –income program such as old age security, guaranteed income supplement(1967) to support for elderly about the financial and low-income for seniors by federal government general revenue. Providing advices and support of ageing under the population health fund and also the national health research and development program. Canada government also create and understand the knowledge to support the elderly on the way effectively. The national framework on aging are providing the policies effective to seniors as well as consulting this issue for older people in Canada. Making sure the manual safety for the elderly as their health or traveling or health insurance plan. Increasing government income security programmes Australia The Australia government created the policies to support older people who are living in retirement become more active and financially secure. The older people can continue to work if they wish in the communities Provide the program such as lifelong learning and active ageing so the older people in Australia can be more active and can increase number of wellbeing in the elderly. Also good health can reduce the isolation and maintain the independence on the older people. New Zealand . The New Zealand positive aging strategy provides a framework for understanding and improving policies for older people. The positive aging takes account of health, financial security, personal safety and environment living for older people in New Zealand. Health: Promote and support the development of the health centre community for older people. Considering the multi-disciplinary availability need assessment throughout new Zealand. Income: the policies has introduced to ensure that the elderly gets adequate income and appropriate standard of living. Following legislation that the security of publicly should be increased provide retirement income into the future. Housing: providing support from government as the elderly gets appropriate housing option. In addition, organize the survey option to enable low-income families to purchase home. Transport: public transport should be reviewed as they are friendly in terms of route, timetables and safe for all ages. Ensuring that lack of transport is not the barrier for health services. Ageing in place: developing the policy and the range of service that can support ageing in place. implement and promote service programmes of safety awareness for older people. Culture diversity: number of quality services for maori and pacific people should be increased and improved. Also , older people from ethnic community should be identified the issue in specific and develop those option according to the cultural. Rural: developing and providing policies and support service delivery for older people who is living in the rural community. Attitudes: all the people has the different positive attitudes to the older people as making sure that government agency and publicity campaign portray positive images for the elderly. Developing intergenerational progammes in school and communities. Employment : support employment of older people worker according to the government policies sector. Promote the mentoring programmes of the skills and experiences for older people. Opportunities: improving the opportunity and increasing the educational and retraining for adult people Comparison Similarities: Supporting policies are providing properly toward to the older people in all three countries as they can live in the community with good health and comfortable with retirement. Differences : Canada and Australia: They all two countries are still focus on the financial support for older people. Also, these two countries has increased the number of the elderly and giving solutions how to deal with it and protect a good life for them. New Zealand: In the case, New Zealand separate in different type on these policies which is very clearly to support for older people. 4.2.1. International delivery policies on disability Canada According to accessible transportation in Canada , the program were establish to provide the transport system and safety environment to help people with disability as they can found it easier when they are traveling. Health Canada Community living Support funding for disable people in the labour market also help for employment as they are having disability. Australia Disability services Australia 1986 provided the quality of services delivered to disabled people as the quality for health care for the disability . In addition, the younger people with disability in residential aged care was set by the Australia government for five year which helping reduce the number of younger people having disability and support those people as they are living in the residential aged care. The disability standard provide achieving equal access for people with disability. Home and community care provide support the care and increasing the independent for people with disability in the residential care. New Zealand In the community, health care services from practice nurse may be related to primary health care centre. According to the Public Health and Disability act, the Primary Heath Organization were founded and that provide the health education and also others services of health were delivered. Public Health service also support service disabled people under the New Zealand Health and Disability Act 2000. Comparison Similarities : All three countries are focus on providing the support for disable people with higher quality and progammes in different terms such as health care provide. Differences: Canada : These policy concentrate on planning safety for people with disability on the angle as transportation or employment, also meet on development educational for them to get more experiences and skills that can help them living in society. Australia : Organizing the services and delivery carer in effectively to the younger with disability on the both side financially and mentally illness help these people more confident with their ability while they are living in the residential community. New Zealand : Provide on the basic need on health care under the New Zealand Health and Disability Act 2000 for the people with disability. 4.2.2. International delivery policies on aging Canada Proving the financial support for older people when they retire at the age of 60 The policies providing the services and also development the program liaising with different levels for the senior in the community. Focusing on long-term system support care for the elderly as the social support or any other physically or mentally support for them. Australia Australia government concern to provide services and community of care effectively for older people according to their religious, culture and charities. Under the aged care assessment program, the government budget to support the elderly and contribute funds to support these program. Caring the elderly also get the support services from the government. Delivering the support needs in individual for elderly under the National continence management. New Zealand There are several support service organizations were founded to develop and help the elderly with higher quality and effectively to them. Age concern Diabetes new Zealand National health foundation Career force Public health association As these organizations can provide a good qualification to help the older people in the retirement and get benefit in term of the needs that the elderly want. Comparison Similarities: These countries are delivering the good quality and effectively support for the older people as well as they consider to develop to make sure the elderly can live in their community comfortable and happy. Differences Canada: Government in Canada may need to provide the higher support of finance and services to care the elderly. Australia: The health care system in Australia is quite effectively toward the older people. New Zealand : Under each organization, they are giving the best support and access for the elderly as older people can live in the best way in the retirement home or facility. Referencing Government of Saskatchewan Retrieved from: http://www.socialservices.gov.sk.ca/office-disability Disability policy in Canada Retrieved from: http://video.med.ubc.ca/videos/osot/faculty/lj/Disability_Policy_in_Canada.pdf Office for disability issue Retrieved from: http://www.odi.govt.nz/resources/publications/new-zealand-disability-strategy.html Ministry of social development Retrieved from: http://www.msd.govt.nz/what-we-can-do/seniorcitizens/positive-ageing/goals/index.html Disability policies and program in Australia Retrieved from: http://www.academia.edu/1079853/Disability_Policies_and_Programs_in_Australia Government of south Australia Retrieved from: http://www.sa.gov.au/upload/entity/1856/dac-documents/policy-guideline/ Parliament of Canada Retrieved from: http://www.parl.gc.ca/content/lop/researchpublications/cei-07-e.htm Women with disability in Australia Retrieved from: http://wwda.org.au/govtdis/govtdisoverview/ Australia government- department of health Retrieved from: http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/ageing-aged-care

Should Animals Used Lab Research Health And Social Care Essay

Peoples all over the universe have different ideas on utilizing animate beings for lab research. Most of animate being rights groups believe that animate being should non be used in lab research because they are ethically incorrect, and painful to the animate beings. They besides claim that most carnal research find medical remedy really abuse the animate beings in lab research. Research studies have shown that there are more than 20 million animate beings experimented yearly in lab research to acquire better medical specialty for people ( Andre & A ; Valesque, n.d. ) . Majority of carnal right groups prefer that research workers use alternate research method for their lab research, because there are many ethical statements against the usage animate beings in lab research ( American Anti-Vivisection Society, 2010 ) . On the other manus, due to many new types of human disease today, big sum of animate being will be used in lab research to happen suited vaccinums and remedy ( Animal Research, 2009 ) . Animal proving continues because this is the best manner to prove medical merchandises to understand the basic physiologic mechanisms and the best manner to cover with certain disease. Other ground carnal research to go on is because the usage of animate beings has made major parts to the apprehension, intervention, and bar for homo and animate being diseases ( Quimby, 1998 ) . Furthermore, in many instances, animate beings are vulnerable to hold the same diseases that affect worlds because most animate beings have variety meats and organic structure system alike to worlds and other animate beings ( AALAS, 2010 ) . This is why animate beings are preferred to be used in lab research instead than other alternate methods. Although there are many carnal right groups claiming that utilizing animate beings in lab research is barbarous, it is undeniable that carnal research is needed to salvage the homo and carnal life. First, most carnal right groups claim that animate being ‘s life are non valued in lab research, because about all the animate beings used for lab research will decease when their experiments are over. It is true that big sum of animate beings are used in lab research, but this does non intend that all of the animate beings will decease. A study of U.S. Department of Agriculture ‘s twelvemonth 2009 shows that a sum of 1,131,076 experiment animate beings were purchased for lab research. From the full 1,131,076 animate beings purchased, study shows that 151,457 animate beings were non used, 548,755 animate beings were used with no hurting and no drug, 76,001 animate beings were used with hurting but no drugs and 354,863 animate beings were used with hurting and with drugs ( USDA, 2009 ) . Traveling to the extent, merely some animate beings might decease. This is because, from the same study, it revealed that 38 % of animate beings suffer in hurting therefore there should be less than 38 % of animate beings will be deceasing ( USDA, 2009 ) . Furthermore, it is usual that some experiment fails in lab research and might do animate beings decease, but animal right groups should understand there are many records of experiments which success will profit for many life ( Roche FAQs, n.d. ) . There are many diseases looking while we already have batch diseases with no remedy ( Animal Research, n.d ) . Assorted diseases affect worlds ‘ life, as in 2004, WHO report shows 58.8 million people died globally because of diseases like bosom onslaught and malignant neoplastic disease. ( WHO, 2004 ) . This state of affairs decidedly necessitate big sum of carnal research to be carried out, but the statistic of animate being research shows that animate beings used in lab are worsening each twelvemonth ( AALAC, 2010 ; European Commission, 2007 ) . Disease like malignant neoplastic disease have no remedy found until now, but from the part of carnal research there are anti-cancer medical specialty found by research companies such as Roc he ( Animal Research, n.d. ; Roche FAQs, n.d. ) . Despite of that, there is no strong ground animate being right groups tell that the full animate being which used are been killed or the carnal use were been increasing. Some company have been perfect but other companies should seek their best to cut down the use of animate beings and increase the benefit to salvage much life ‘s disease. Second, carnal right groups have claimed that animate being ‘s rights are mistreated when they were used in experiments. They says that animate beings will be forced to engender, caged in dark, and specimens will be exhibited. All of the statements are non true because the animate beings are controlled stairss and regulations on making research. This type of animate being abuse largely will be done by illegal research companies since legal companies will follow carnal rights association ‘s regulations that have been prepared. Example of regulation have been prepared was riddance of hurting and facet of animate being attention like caging eating, exercising for Canis familiariss and the psychological comfort of Primatess which purely controlled by Federal Torahs which the Animal Welfare Act and Public Health Service Act for animate being ‘s right ( AALAS, 2010 ) . Roche Company is one illustration of the legal company that follows regulations fixed by animate being r ights groups ( Roche FAQs, n.d. ) . Roche Company ‘s research workers will non lb or shelter the animate beings because they will buy all animate beings from selected Sellerss who specialise in lovingness and bring forthing animate beings for research intent. The carnal seller Roche research workers choose should be professional breeders, because animate being should be breed with their voluntary and non forced On the other manus, there are several types of organisation that statute law was placed to protect the public assistance and attention for animate beings used in scientific research by assorted states. Many states have their ain specified jurisprudence regulating the intervention of animate beings which involved in scientific procedures ( Animal Research, n.d. ) . They have Torahs for protect the public assistance of animate beings to guarantee that any scientific experiments refering carnal agony will be balanced by the possible benefit of the research as protection to animate beings. Some of the illustrations of research associations are European Biomedical Research Association ( EBRA ) , European Commission ( EU ) , American Association for Laboratory Animal Science ( AALAS ) and Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International ( AAALAC ) . EBRA association which represent the research community within Europe states was established to animate th e apprehension of the place of animate beings in medical and veterinary research ( EBRA, 2010 ) . This means all the European states must follow EBRA or any other association regulations, if non they will be known as illegal research organisation. Many people are misconstruing about carnal research because merely some illegal research workers that misuse animate beings in lab research and do legal research workers besides get the incrimination for the abuse of animate being. Third, carnal right groups claimed that all the animate being which been experimented are have similar feeling like homo. So animate beings will see hurting and hurt when involve in experiment merely like homo does. This issue was a often argued affair by carnal rights group. They should understand that â€Å" the usage of animate beings in research and testing is purely controlled, peculiarly sing possible hurting † ( AALAS, 2010 ) . Therefore most animate beings will merely experience merely little or fleeting hurting when taking blood samples, giving injection, or holding a alteration of diet ( Roche FAQs, n.d. ) . Every research worker or establishment that does carnal research should follow regulations which purely controlled by Federal Torahs from the Animal Welfare Act and the Public Health Service Act ( AALAS, 2010 ) . In extra, every establishment of research worker must fall in a commission which includes an external member of the public plus a veterinary who will an alyze and supervise every possible experiment to assist guarantee best animate being attention and interventions. Research workers believe that the animate beings that help out us to check the secrets of disease that should be respected with best attention, because the animate being which good threated will supply more dependable scientific consequences ( AALAS, 2010 ) . Sometimes the animate being will experience utmost hurting and hurt affected by diseases, but anesthetics or trouble relieving drug will be given for most instances to relief them from hurting. Before certain carnal research is approved by associations like the Roche Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee ( IACUC ) , hurting and hurt direction will be used in carnal research proposal. Therefore, if there are any researches that may potentially do hurting or hurt in animate beings found, they must be scientifically justified by including a warrant that alternate methods are non available. ( Roche FAQs, n.d. ) . All carnal research proposals besides must hold a declaration that the proposal does non needlessly double other ca rnal research. So people do non necessitate to worry about carnal feeling in lab research because there are legion ways to diminish the hurting and hurt that animate being will travel through in research and some Animal Welfare associations that concern about animate being rights in lab research. Finally, carnal right groups have claimed that animate being lab research is non necessary and they should non be continued because there are other alternate methods could be used. Examples of other alternate methods are In Vitro Research, In Silico ( Computer ) Technologies, Safety Testing, and Epidemiologic and Clinical Studies ( PCRM, n.d. ) . Truly to develop utilizing non-animal method to replace the usage of carnal research is proved really hard because even after non-animal method were developed and validated will non accepted by regular governments worldwide. That method should be the first pick to the carnal trials before clinical test ( Animal Research, n.d. ) . An illustration is, if you have discovered a imaginable drug that might destruct lung malignant neoplastic disease cells and it will be a imaginable new intervention for lung malignant neoplastic disease. But the first thing to happen out is, do it really does kill lung malignant neoplastic disease cells merely or h ealthy lung cells excessively. â€Å" Laboratory animate beings have variety meats and organic structure systems similar to worlds and other animate beings. In many instances, they are susceptible to the same diseases that affect worlds. â€Å" ( AALAS, 2010 ) It is non imaginable to come on drugs or performs several different sorts of of import scientific probe without carnal research. Animal research was biological and medical research methods that use cells, tissues, people, and high tech equipment ( Animal Research, n.d. ) . In modern universe, kids normally receive a vaccinum that delivers lifetime protection from the diseases and immunise them in contrast to typhus, diphtheria, whooping cough, variola, and lockjaw. Millions of people in the universe are healthy grownup because of those vaccinums that were made probably through carnal research ( AALAS Foundation, n.d. ) In the intervening clip, alternate methods like computing machine theoretical accounts and cell civilizations are first-class used for demoing and specifying the toxic potency of a substance in the early stages of probe for lessening the figure of animate beings required in research ( AALAS, 2010 ) . There is possible of ‘3Rs ‘ construct of alternate method which Reduce, Refine and Replace could be followed in carnal research ( DLRM, 2001 ) . There are legion alternate methods could be used for cut down the use of animate beings in lab research. Animal research can non be banned in lab research because animate beings are biol ogically similar with human, they could assist to bring around human and carnal diseases. It is true that animate being researches have many history of success on remedy diseases. Besides, censoring carnal research and non-human archpriest research in any state is non possible and really unsafe for that state ‘s economic assistance and medical progress. Once the carnal researches were banned in their county, the research workers from their state will carry on their research experiment outside of their state. This will impact their state ‘s criterion of research and medical demands because the state ‘s research criterion will be influenced by other planetary states. On other side of position, if the carnal research or non-human archpriest research was banned globally, there will bigger job because greater country of medical required could be found ( Roche FAQs, n.d. ) . There are studies shows that more than 90 % of animate being and non-human Primatess are used in research merely for evaluates curtain drugs or vaccinum ‘s efficiency and safety earlier tested on homo. The study on animate beings or non-human Primatess proving was required by regulative governments worldwide. Examples of regulative governments worldwide are European Medicines Evaluation Agency and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( European Commission Environment, 2010 ) . The ground why these regulative authorization organic structures worldwide wants an efficiency and safety database on carnal experimentation, is because they want to minimise the hazards of patient who will be utilizing the merchandise. Lastly animate beings which benefit on biomedical research non merely cure human diseases but besides save carnal diseases. â€Å" Feline immunodeficiency virus ( FIV ) and feline leukemia virus ( FeLV ) infections are major causes of decease in cats. In the U.S. , it is estimated that 2-3 % of all cats are infected with one or both of these diseases. A vaccinum is available to forestall these diseases, but much extra work is necessary to explicate these diseases and their i ntervention † ( AALAS Foundation, n.d. ) . Scarification of each animate beings were been saves many lives non merely for now but for the hereafter excessively. In decision, carnal research is good and there are several other parts of research where animate being testing is wholly necessary particularly in medical spheres, like shots, behavior jobs, mental defects, and other. Peopless besides must be clear about some jobs that they do non cognize in carnal research and non to fault carnal research. First there is no cogent evidence that full animate beings which used in carnal research were been killed, and research worker are seeking their greatest manner to cut down the use of animate beings and increase the benefit for safe all life ‘s disease. Second people should understand that legal animate being research worker will non harm animate beings in researches because all carnal research is really purely regulated by legion different moralss communities and regulative organic structures. Third there are legion ways to diminish the hurting and hurt that animate beings go through in research, so people do non necessitate to worry about animate beings experiencing. Ultimately, because animate beings are biologically similar to human and they have solved many disease of human go through, there is no manner to censoring the carnal research ; hence alternate methods besides are non dependable as carnal research. Scarification of each animate being will salvage many lives non merely now but for the hereafter excessively. In order to make consciousness for people about the benefit of carnal research, companies should make explanation about their company mission in utilizing animate being for lab research and the authorities should take serious action for company that does non follows regulations made by carnal rights group. Indeed at that place many facts that prove carnal research is of import and should be continued by following the regulations fixed by animate being rights associations, as it is good and improves the quality for human and animate beings life. 2390 words

Custom as a Source of Law

Abstract The following article tries to establish the fact that the Customs are the most important source of law. It defines customs and gives information about its types and what are the requisite of a valid custom, how are they recognized and why are they recognized? In ancient days the customary laws were the only laws as they were practiced by the people. With the passage of time and modernization of society the customary laws are seen as orthodox laws and are fast receding to the statutory laws, but still the laws that are passed by the parliament has its root in the customary laws |Page Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn. com/abstract=1958646 Custom occupies an important role in regulation of human conduct in almost all the societies. In fact it is one of the oldest sources of law making, though only a few people are likely to concur with the classical Greek poet Pindar’s maxim, â€Å"Custom is the king of all†. A custom may be defined as a continuing cours e of conduct which by the acquiescence of express approval of the community observing it, has come to be regarded as fixing the norm of conduct for members of society 1.At its inception the English common law derived all its rules from a single source. Sir Carleten Kemp Allen notes 2 ‘ Blackstones â€Å" general customs† and â€Å"customs of the realm† are those fundamental principles in legal relationship which for the most part are not to be found in any express formulation, but are assumed to be inherent in our social arrangements. These are, in short, the common law itself ’. Salmond is of the opinion that custom embodies those principles which are acknowledged and approved, not by the power of the state but by the public opinion of the society at large.Thus he states ‘custom is the embodiment of those principles which have commanded themselves to the national conscience as principles of â€Å"justice† and â€Å"public utility’ 3. Jhon Austin was of the view that no folkway regardless of the fact how respected it is or how much is it followed can influence the law. He was of the view that only those conventions and folkways recognized by the sovereign through some judicial act or legislative disposition might be certified as a customary source of law. Kinds of Custom: 1. Conventional customIt is an established practice whose authority is conditional based on its acceptance and incorporation between the parties bound by it. When two parties enter into a contract generally all the terms of the contract are not set expressly and a large part of it is implied. The intention of the parties entering into an agreement can be gathered by the customary law prevalent at that time The convention custom has three stages of development. In the first stage it should have attained the status of usage. In the second stage it gets recognition through some judicial decision, and presumes the form of a precedent.After this it i s finally accepted as a statutory law. 1 Dias & Hughes: Jurisprudence,(1957) p. 34 2 Allen C. K. : Law in the making 3 Fitzgerald P. J. : Salmond on jurisprudence 2|Page Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn. com/abstract=1958646 The first section of the Indian contract act, 1872 recognizes the customs that are prevalent in the trade Legal Custom These are those which are operative per se as binding rules of law independent of any agreement between the parties. These, are of two types: 3 †¢ Local CustomHalsbury’s defined local custom as â€Å" a particular rule that has existed actually or presumptively from time immemorial and has obtained the force of law in a particular locality although contrary to or not consistent with the common law of the realm. † 4 So it can be said that a local custom prevails in a small locality. Bigamy in India is allowed in some tribal parts on account of the local custom prevalent at those places. †¢ General Custom A general custom prevails throughout the country and is the main source of the common law of the country.The custom of prohibiting the remarriage of widow in most of the communities of India, before its abolition was a general custom in the country. A general custom is prevalent is usually practiced by all the people living in the country, and is practiced throughout the land. There were many customs but it is not necessary that all are the customs are accepted. For the customs to be accepted as a valid customs it should have some requisite characteristics: 1. Reasonableness A custom must be reasonable.It must be understood that the authority of any custom is never absolute, but it is authoritative provided it confers to the norms of justice and public utility. A custom shall not be valid if it is repugnant to right and reason and is like to do more mischief than good if enforced. The true rule seems to be not that a custom to be admitted if reasonable but that it will be admitted unless it is unreasonable. The custom of recognizing the channel of the river or the stream as the boundary between two villages irrespective of the change in the path cannot be said as unreasonable and hence it was held as a valid custom 5. Halsbury: Laws of England, Vol. X. p. 2 5 Ram Dhan Lal v. Radhey Shyam, 1951 SCR 370 3|Page 2. Consistency A custom to be valid must be in conformity with statutory law. In other words it must not be against any act of Parliament. A custom should necessarily yield where it is against any law, but in many cases there can be some exception to the law or some modifications can be made to it due to any custom. 3. Compulsory observance A custom to be legally recognized as a valid custom must be observed as a right.It means the custom should be followed by all concerned without the use of force. It must be regarded not only an optional rule but as an obligatory rule or binding rule of conduct. If a custom is left to the choice of the individuals, then it is not a costmary law. If the observance of a custom is suspended for certain time than it is assumed that the custom was never in existence 6. 4. Continuity and immemorial Antiquity A custom to be valid should have been in existence from time immemorial.To quote Blackstone â€Å"A custom in order to be legal and binding, must have been used so long that the memory of man runneth not to the contrary, if anyone can show the beginning of it, it is no good custom† 7 English law has made an arbitrary limit to the legal memory. It has been fixed as 1189 A. D. – the year of accession of King Richard 1 to the throne which means, if any custom has its roots back to 1189 AD or backwards would be regarded as a valid custom. This time limit was applied in the case of Simpsons v. Wells 8. However in India the limit of 1189 A. D. is not valid 9.In India no definite year has been laid down to determine the antiquity of a custom. It need not to be beyond human memory 10. 5. Certainty Not o nly a custom should be practiced from time immemorial but, it should also be observed continuously and uninterruptedly with certainty. A custom cannot said to be valid from time immemorial unless its certainty and continuity is proved beyond doubt. Theories regarding transformation of custom into law Customary law has not only been established by legislatures or professionally trained judges, but it has come into existence because of popular acceptance and practice.There are two popular theories in this regard (1) Historical theory and, (2) Analytical theory 6. Hamperton v. Hono, (1876) 24 WR 603 7. Blackstone: Commentaries, p. 76 8. (1872) 7 QB 214 9. Gokul Chandra v. Praveen Kumari, AIR 1952 SC 926 10. Mst. Subbhani v. Nawab, ILR 1947 PC 21 4|Page 1. Historical Theory The main components of the historical theory school, namely, Savigny, Blackstone and Henry Maine have suggested that law has its existence because of the common consciousness of the people and the customary observanc e is not the cause of law but the evidence of its existence.Savigny observed, ‘customary laws completely modify or repeal a statute; it may create a new law and substitute it for statutory rule which it has abolished’. Maine regarded custom as ‘formal source of law’. James Carter also supports historical view and is of the opinion that ‘What has governed the conduct of men from the beginning of time will continue to govern to the end of time. Human nature is not likely to undergo radical change and law will forever continue to be custom’11. Criticism Dr.Allen points out that all the customs cannot be contributed to the common consciousness of the people. For instance, a ruling class quite often imposes custom on the governed. It does so for its own interests rather than the interest of the people. The customs in India such as untouchability cannot be contributed to any kind of common consciousness. Therefore any custom cannot be a source of law it should not be again public sentiments. 2. Analytical Theory The main supporter of analytical theory is John Austin who regarded custom as a historical material source.He points out that custom derives its binding force not from its own nature but by state legislation. It means custom becomes a law when it is adopted by an act of parliament or its validity has been established by any judicial decision. He further states that custom only has persuasive value. Customary practices have to be recognized by court before it can become law. Being of persuasive nature it is recognized as historical material source of law. Austin thus concludes that â€Å"Customary law is nothing but judicial law founded upon anterior system. 2† Criticism Dr. Allen has criticized Austinian theory of customary law and pointed out that the fallacy of the Austinian doctrine is in supporting that custom is not law until it has been so pronounced by a court. He observed that the truth is exactly the rev erse of it. According to him, ‘custom is firstly and essentially a law. Custom is enforced by courts because it is already a law, it does not become a law only on enforcement of court. 13’ 11 Carter James: Law, its Origin, Growth & Function, p. 20 12 Austin: Province of Jurisprudence, (1945) p. 165 13 Allen C. K. : Law in the making, pp 84 5|Page CONCLUSION Of all the various sources of law The Customary Laws are definitely the most significant source of law. In the ancient days in the absence of any legislative laws the customary laws were only the prevalent law. These are very important as these are already followed by the people and it is the very reason why many of the customary laws are even recognized today. These customary laws had the approval of the public opinion.There is no doubt that with the development of the judicial process and with the modernization of the society, the importance of custom is receding. When states came into existence they immediately ga ve recognition to the customs prevailing at that time and thus they were recognized as valid laws. But with time customary laws have receded to the statutory laws. The laws relating to sale of goods, inheritance of property, succession, property, contract, sale of goods etc. have all evolved from the customary laws. The codified Hindu laws are nothing but the codification of the prevalent customary laws with some exceptions.It would be wrong on the part of any one to say that the customary laws need recognition from the court. The customary laws are always recognized since they are always in practice. Most of the customary laws that were just in nature and were good for the society have been recognized by the parliament or the court. These laws can be sometimes invalidated if it appears that these are against the public policy and justice. One of the most important reasons why the customs are important source of law is that it that it is highly practiced in the society.So, if any ne w law is made that is contrary to the practiced customs and traditions, will not be accepted by the society. This may lead to chaos and anarchy in the society. So any law that is passed takes into consideration the customs and traditions prevalent in the society at that time. The state by its legislation only validates the existing customs. It may in some exceptional cases also modify or nullify some of the customs if it is for the welfare of most of the people of the society. So in this way the state makes laws mainly based on the customs that are good for the society 6|Page

Should High School Uniforms be essays

Should High School Uniforms be essays Should High School Uniforms be Mandatory? In the past few years, more attention is given to the educational system due to gang fights, assaults on teachers and faculties, and the horrifying and unexpected shootings in various schools throughout the United States. After many debates and investigations of these incidents, it is determined that gang-related activities and students with low self-esteem are the major contributing factors that entice some students to loose sight of the purpose of being in school. In response to the concern of the American people over the slowly degrading educational system, one solution proposed by the government and school officials to improve discipline and learning standard is to mandate school uniforms in all educational levels: elementary, middle, and high schools. The opponents to the school uniforms argue that this proposal is just a quick cover-up, which in reality will have no positive result. They also say school uniforms eliminate kids freedom to express themselves and limit their crea tivity. The pro-uniforms, on the other hand, see school uniforms as a positive and impacting way to make school a safe and disciplined learning environment for students. They believe that young people who are exposed to a safe and secure environment make better students. After carefully considering the pros and cons regarding this issue, one would determine that the educational system and specially the students would benefit from the implementation of the school uniforms. One benefit that school uniforms have on the educational system and the students is that it decreases violence and consequently, making school a safer place to learn. School uniforms discourage gang forming and gang-related activities because gang members can not wear their designated outfits, insignias, or style of clothing at school. Without school uniforms, gang members would wear certain colors clothes and symbol to identify themselve ...

Psychology Final Paper Research Paper Example

Psychology Final Paper Research Paper Example Psychology Final Paper Paper Psychology Final Paper Paper In the first module we have explored the topics of perspectives, careers, and ethics In psychology. A perspective In psychology Is the way In which psychologists choose to approach the study of human behavior. Such perspectives would be socio cultural, biological, psychodrama, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic. To go along with the lesson on perspectives we had to pick an outrageous celebrity and explain their behavior in reference to the different perspectives. For the assignment, I chose to do Brittany Spears, and I explained how each perspective would describe her behaviors ND cognitive thinking. In this module we further explored careers In psychology such as sports psychologists to clinical and counseling psychologists, and where psychologists could be employed. Psychologists have a code of ethics, there is 10 standards but yet in still broken down further, one of the most important is informed consent which the participants would read so that they know what they will be getting into. Since I am quite interested in psychology these concepts helped me figure out In what pathway I would like to go In (social psychologist). This learning has hanged my behavior by making me see that there are many ways In seeing/ describing human behavior. Therefore, before I judge I see things as a psychologist would- similar to Masons interest in self-actualization. Module B In module B there were two major concepts, correlation and descriptive statistics, and evaluation of research. (Correlation and descriptive statistics) Research methods fall three categories which are descriptive, correlation, and experimentation. Experimentation is basically the scientific method which allows manipulation of factor of Interest, and control of other factors. Descriptive would Include case studies and surveys. Descriptive includes sampling which is essential to this type of research, if done correctly a random sample could provide you with accurate results but if not it can lead to misleading results. Correlation is the representation whether two factors are related or not. Correlation does not show cause and effect. Correlation can be positive or negative, while positive Indicates a direct relationship between behavior s, negative Indicates an Indirect relationship between them. The next concept In this module was the evaluation of research. The forum for module 1 lesson 3 helped me understand further the evaluation of research because here learned of an experiment that had been done in California where people role played that of a prisoner and guard. Since things got pretty bad they had to stop because of ethical concerns, we then had to come up with questions to evaluate the study, many people asked If It was ethical or the reason for the experiment; this assignment made me question the motive behind this experiment. These concepts can be applied to my life personally because in school we use the scientific method and statistics all he time, and now I know that in the end it is important that I evaluate my research. This knowledge has changed my behavior by making me questions peoples motives more often. Module AAA Our major concepts in AAA were the nervous/endocrine system, the brain, and sensation. (Nervous/endocrine system) Neurons are the bulling blocks of the the nervous system is the entire network of neurons in our body. The nervous system can be divided in two, the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system (CANS) is made up of the brain and the spinal rod and is the command for all central messages while the peripheral nervous system connects the CANS to the rest of the body. The endocrine system works with the parasympathetic system or the sympathetic system to sustain our basic body processes. The endocrine system contains glands such as pituitary, thyroid and pancreas which secrete a specific hormone that influence our body functions, behaviors, and emotions. The next concept is the brain which contains three parts, the cerebellum and brain stem, the limbic system, and the cerebral cortex. The brain stem which is in the first layer connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain while he cerebellum controls motor coordination and balance. The next layer, the limbic system is only found fully developed in mammals, and is involved in motivation, emotions and certain memory processes. Now the outer layer which is the cerebrum, which is further, divided into four sections the frontal lobe. Parietal lobes, temporal lobes and occipital lobes, which have to work together because no one part takes responsibility of emotion or memory etc In AAA lesson two we had an assignment in which we had to identify what part of the brain would be required to do a certain activity, this activity helped me determine what each part of the brain was for. The last concept is sensation, sensation is the process with which our senses gather information and sends it to the brain. The point in which a stimulus goes from undetectable to detectable is called the absolute threshold, and the amount of change needed to recognize that a change has occurred is called the difference threshold. These concepts can be applied to my life because this helps me better understand my body and brain , I am also applying this in activities as I think about the processes of each of the activities. This learning has changed my behavior by making me aware of the actions taking place in my brain as I do something. Module B The major concepts in module B were the nature vs Nurture debate, biology impacting behavior, and biology and psychological health. The nature vs Nurture has been a long running debate, which basically asks what makes us who we are? Is it our heredity and genes or our experiences and environment? In lesson one, we had an assignment in which he had to name some of our characteristic and determine if this trait was acquired through nature or nurture. This assignment got me really thinking n what it was that made me who I am , one of my traits was introvert, which I believed I acquired through nature instead of nurture because my mother is also not as social as most people. Biology, in biological perspectives, impacts your behavior, such as when sleep deprivation could cause you to be irritable, anxious, depressed, and forgetful. Additionally, Vive realized that I show signs of insomnia. Another factor of biology that affects behavior is age, most adults think of teenagers as reckless or irresponsible, which could be because we think that we are young that we are invincible. There are two types of personality type A and B. A person with a type A personality are high achievers , workaholics , and obsessed with time management , while a person with a type B personality will be more relaxed and go with the flow. Stress, a person with a type A personality will be more at risk. High levels of stress can be harmful to overall health. An assignment that helps me identify stresses was the assignment in lesson 3, where we had to identify negative and positive stresses and positive and negative reactions to stress. I can honestly say that learning of which are positive and negative stresses will help me get rid of the bad stresses so that I am psychologically healthy. These concepts have changed my behavior by helping me identify ways to positively react to stress so I dont do it in the wrong manner. Module AAA The concepts in module AAA were theories, and behavior from a cognitive perspective. There have been many great psychologists throughout the years that have their own theories on the whys of human behavior. Pavlov believed that there was a connection between stimuli and responses which is known as classical conditioning , but on the there hand we have the founding father of operant conditioning, Skinner who thought the most powerful influences on behavior were consequences; the only difference between operant and classical conditioning is that classical is involuntary and operant is. Bandeau is the one who created the social learning theory which states that we learn through observing and imitating others. Moscow created the hierarchy of needs which was a pyramid and our ultimate goal is self-actualization. Another psychologist is Pigged who studied children and created developed stages in which cognitive development should occur. The last psychologist is Banishes who was known for his work in human intelligence and memory, Banishes conducted an experiment on himself and others and one of his conclusions were that meaningless stimuli are harder to memorize than meaningful stimuli. The forum in lesson one, asked us to pick the psychologist with the best theory and it was great to see the many other opinions of my peers; I would have personally chosen, Albert Bandeau because I could relate with his theory the most. Behavior and the cognitive approach can both be compared using perception. Perception is the process of obtaining and interpreting information that we take in from our senses and an optical illusion is where you incorrectly interpret a stimulus pattern. Hermann von Hellholes had a theory known as the learning based theory in which you use prior knowledge to interpret new information. I apply the theories of what I have learned about to people I see every day such as when I see a baby babbling. My behavior has changed because I myself have taken in account Masons hierarchy of need and have made little attempts at reaching self-actualization. Module B The concepts in B were classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational conditioning. Ivan Pavlov believed in classical conditioning where and unconditioned stimulus was paired with a conditioned stimulus to provoke a response. Pavlov conducted an experiment where conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of the bell not Just at the sight of food. Although when he withheld the food for some time the dogs stopped reacting to the bell. Classical conditioning is use to help shape behavior. For the assignment in lesson 1 we got to condition a dog to salivate at a sound which helped me understand the whole concept of classical conditioning. Operant conditioning uses rewards and punishments to shape behavior, operant conditioning would be used when teach a pet a new trick. In positive punishment is where you add something to diminish a behavior, and negative punishment is where something is taken away to diminish a behavior. The last concept is observational learning which states that people learn through observing others. An example of observational conditioning is the experiment with the BOOB Doll, in the experiment children watched adults have fun abusing a BOOB doll and when left alone they too started acting aggressively toward the doll. In the video I watched, the children watched and imitated what they had seen. At the moment I am applying operant conditioning to training my dog(s) to do some tricks such as sit, stay, or Just cooperate! After what I have learned from the BOOB Doll experiment, I am more cautious about what behaviors I do that could possibly affect anyone around me in a similar way of the children behaving towards the doll. Module AAA The key concepts in module AAA were diversity, attitudes, and being a part of society. Despite the diversity on this earth most facial expressions are interpreted the same way by people in different cultures. Paul Seaman was a leading investigator in facial expressions and he investigated the belief that all humans interpret facial expressions the same way. Seaman would show pictures of facial expressions such a happiness, fear and anger; using this system Seaman determined that there are 4 distinct smiles and that all do not mean happiness. Disgust on the other hand evolves culturally, in American culture we eat only a select few animal and we avoid reptiles and amphibians, while another culture can embrace eating those sorts of animals. Cultural norms affect our perception, and can lead to prejudice. In the forum in lesson one, we had to state something that we found disgusting and I wasnt reprised to see that most of us felt disgusted by very similar things which is because culture affects our perception of what is disgusting. Especially regarding food! Society, can also affect our attitudes examples are the bystander effect and cognitive dissonance. The bystander effect is a social phenomenon where a person is less likely to help when there are others around who can help therefore when you are in a group you are less likely to help someone in need , than if you were alone. Cognitive dissonance is where your attitudes and behavior are in conflict which asses discomfort, this discomfort then causes you to change the behavior or the action. As you can see society can sometimes change our attitudes as see with the bystander effect and cognitive dissonance. Psychologists noticed that when alone a person is more themselves and that when placed in a group the persons behavior changed; being part of the society can cause two phenomenon to occur, social loafing, and social facilitation. Social loafing is the tendency to put less effort into a task when in a group, the more people there are in a group the less effort each will put in. Social facilitation is where a person performs better in the presence of other people. I can apply what I have learned about social loafing to high school; I find that almost in every group I have been in equal effort has not been put in by all because of social loafing. Also, this is because this act can be seen and considered a cultural norm. Learning about the bystander effect has made me a bit more proactive because I dont want to one of those people who go unnoticed when in grave danger Therefore, I try constantly to help people as much as possible. Module B communication/social networking. Sombreros prison study has been one of the experiments that we have constantly discussed, in this experiment Zanzibar demonstrated that people will act violent or aggressive to fulfill the role of being a guard or prisoner. The people participating in this experiment were put into a realistic Jail and before long the guards were acting mean and the prisoners rebelled. On the sixth day of the experiment it was terminated because the participants were dramatically changing and it was considered unethical. Amalgams experiment is similar to Sombreros, in his experiment he had a teacher and a tuned (actor) , the teacher was asked to ask the students some questions and with each one they got wrong a shock was administered. With each wrong answer the voltage of the shock was increased, the student (actor) would act as if the shock hurt them, and the teachers were disconcerted but encouraged to proceed by the experimenter. In this experiment it was found that 65% of the teachers proceeded to the maximum voltage which shows that a person will more than likely do what an authority figure tells them to even though they might think it is wrong. It was determined that this was due to obedience. The last one is Coachs conformity study , here Cash gathered seven to nine males and claimed his study was on visual perception , all but one of the men were confederates. The men were to verbally answer, on the first trails the men would all unanimously answer correctly but on the third they all gave the wrong answer. Ash found that when the person was alone they would make mistakes less than 1% of the time but in a group they made errors 36. 8% of the time. This was because of conformity to the groups thoughts and not wanting to be wrong either. The assignment in lesson one in which we had to take two examples from our lives in which authority are prevalent factors helped me further understand these experiments. As time progresses there has been an increase in mass communication and social networking, and has shed light on bullying. Media such as Faceable or Twitter make bullying permanent and euthanized, which makes it easier to make rude comments because it is not being done face to face. Even though most of the theories described above were based off of the time before all the technology, most of the theories can still explain our behavior. I can apply Coachs experiment to my life because in high school we are often in-groups corrupting) and we tend to go along with a group rather than going against it. The information I have acquired about social networking has made me wary of what people post about other on social networking sites. Module AAA The concepts in AAA were the Psychosocial Stages of Development of birth to 6 years, 6 to 12, and 12 to 18. Since birth we start developing language , we first start with nonsensical babbling(O 4 months) then onto the one word stage (1 year) and two word stage(18 months) until we get to make multiple word sentences (2 years ). Also during this time Piglets stages of cognitive development comes into play, from birth o 6 years you experience the seniority stage in which a child primarily explorers the world through their senses and the operational stage where a child realized that there are other viewpoints besides their own. The next concept or ages is of 6-12 years , during this time a person is in the stage of concrete operational stage where a child is able to understand conversion, Kohlrabis second stage also comes into play keeping everyone happy. The last concept is that of the ages 12- 18, teen eager go through Piglets formal operations in which they develop the ability for abstract reasoning and hypothetical thought. During this time teenagers should be in Kohlrabis last level of moral development where a person is concerned with promoting the welfare of ones society or achieving Justice. For an assignment in lesson 3 we had to watch a video on the teenage brain in which I gained a lot of insight into my own brain which I thought was interesting. Considering I am 16 1 am in the 12-18 stage and I can say that I am in Kohlrabies third level of moral development. In this module I have learned of the different stages I have been through already, the different stages of Piglets and Kohlrabis development I was in, ND how they do or do not apply to me. Module B The stages/concepts explored in B were early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. People In early adulthood (18-40) according to Erosions psychological theory should be in conflict of intimacy vs Isolation. In the stage of intimacy vs Isolation a young adult start close relationships but first you must have gone through identity vs Role confusion so that you have a clear image of who you are. If this conflict is not resolved successfully then loneliness and isolation can occur. Middle adulthood is next the conflict in this stage is generatively vs Taxation. In generatively vs Stagnation a person feels the need to create or nurture things that will outlast them and once their children leave home they will experience the empty nest syndrome. The last one is late adulthood (65+), this is the maturity stage and its conflict is integrity vs Despair. During late adulthood a person will reflect on their life and evaluate their accomplishments or not. If the person feels successful then they can feel wise and if not their failure will result in regret and despair. An assignment that I enjoyed is the lesson one forum where we learned of Whines moral dilemma, it as interesting looking at what each of my classmates thought was right and wrong. I found it quite difficult to choose either right or wrong for it depended on the ethics or morals one were to consider. This learning can be applied to my life because my parents are in the middle adulthood and they are right now focusing on nurturing future generations. In this module I basically learned of the different times in adulthood and the conflicts that I am to face in them. Module AAA The concepts that module AAA mainly focused on was individual differences and making the most of these individual differences. Our personality can be impacted by logy and human nature, environment, and coloratura. A human characteristic that is built into our biology and in our nature is scapegoat or the displacement of aggression. Environment also plays a role in our personalities things like birth order can affect our personality. Our personalities are also affected by our culture for example in the US individualism is rewarded while in other places collectivism is. There are five major personality traits openness or close-mindedness, conscientiousness or impulsiveness, extroversion or introversion, agreeableness or coldness, and neurotics or emotional stability. To learn more about ourselves we were to take a few personality tests and in one I ended up being INFO. The Myers- Briggs Personality Test type indicator, further helps you assess your personality traits. There are two types of personality type A and B. A person with a type A Many people use such tests when choosing for the business world, in education when you are looking for a career, and in family which relationship counselors will use to understand the differences in the couple. It is important to know of your personality so that you can make the best of it such as when selecting a career or knowing your personality type. It can help you cope in certain situations. I have learned a lot about myself in this module which help me figure out which career best suits me. Since Vive found out that I was an extreme introvert, I have been trying (slightly) to change my behaviors and be more a bit more social because it will help me later on in life when I have to talk to people. Also, consider self-efficacy, and believe in my ability to complete a task or solve certain problems. Module B In our last module the concepts we explored were psychological disorders and their treatments. Mental illnesses are not easy to diagnose but there are many indicators such as delusions, unpredictability, irrationality, and distress. To diagnose people the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders is used; also illnesses are diagnosed by symptoms not causes. A commonly heard mental illness is schizophrenia which the psychotic deterioration of the personality, a treatment for this would probably be drug therapy. There are many types of therapies a person can receive, insight therapy is an attempt to change people on the inside or the way they think and feel. There is also behavior therapy which is behavior modification, and then there is cognitive behavioral therapy which combines cognitive and behavioral therapies. The last type of therapy is biomedical therapy whose goal is to change the structure or function of the brain. The assignment that helped me understand this module further was the assignment in lesson 2 where we were given a person with an illness and we had to pick a treatment. One of my parents friends has obsessive compulsive disorder (COD) and it is interesting to learn more about his problem, and that it can cause stress to the rest of the family. To sum it up, illnesses are classified by the symptoms and then the person receives a treatment for him or her problem.